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Emerging Trends in Solid Acid Catalyst Alkylation Processes

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Catalysis for Clean Energy and Environmental Sustainability

Abstract

The development of green catalytic processes is receiving more focus during recent times due to ever-increasing environmental concerns. As a result of this, numerous attempts are being made to develop eco-friendly catalyst systems. This has resulted in the emergence of novel zeolite-based solid acid catalyst systems, which now offer a platform for the development of environmentally benign catalytic processes. Considering this aspect, the present chapter reviews evolution of zeolite-based catalytic system for (a) C4-alkylation to meet EURO/BS-VI gasoline RON specifications, (b) valorization of benzene through alkylation route, and (c) toluene alkylation for styrene production and brings out their current commercial practice and future outlook in industrial processes. Since these processes are mostly useful in industrial production of bulk chemical or monomers, the focus of the chapter lies in the development of novel catalytic systems in line with their evolvement of commercial/industrial processes.

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Abbreviations

ABS:

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene plastic

atm:

Atmospheres (unit for pressure)

BF3:

Boron trifluoride

BS-VI:

Bharat Stage 6 fuel specifications

Bz:

Benzene

C:

Carbon/coke

CCR:

Continuous catalytic reforming

CH:

Cyclohexane

CHB:

Cyclohexylbenzene

CO:

Carbon monoxide

Conv.:

Conversion

DCHB:

Dicyclohexylbenzene

DMHs:

Dimethyl hexanes

EB:

Ethylbenzene

EPS:

Expanded polystyrene foam

GRM:

Gross refinery margin

H2SO4:

Sulfuric acid

HF:

Hydrofluoric acid

Ho:

Hammett acidity

IL:

Ionic liquid

LDH:

Layered double hydroxides

micro-meso zeolite:

Zeolites containing both micropores and mesopores

MS:

Motor spirit

MTBE:

Methyl tertiary-butyl ether

Nafion:

Sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer copolymer

nB/nL:

Ratio of Brönsted to Lewis acid sites

–OH:

Hydroxyl

RON:

Research octane number

RVP:

Reid vapor pressure

SAN:

Styrene-acrylonitrile plastic

SAR:

Silica to alumina ratio

SbF5:

Antimony pentafluoride

SBR:

Styrene-butadiene rubber

Si/Al ratio:

Silicon to aluminum ratio

SM:

Styrene monomer

SMPO process:

Styrene monomer-propylene oxide process

T :

Temperature

t :

Time

TMPs:

Trimethyl pentanes

UoM:

Unit of measurement

USY zeolite:

Ultrastable Y zeolite

v/v:

Volume/volume

wt%:

Weight percentage

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Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the management of Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited for granting permission to publish the present chapter.

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  1. Corporate R&D Centre, Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, Uttar Pradesh, Greater Noida, India

    Shivanand M. Pai, Raj Kumar Das, S. A. Kishore Kumar, Lalit Kumar, Ashvin L. Karemore & Bharat L. Newalkar

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  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    K. K. Pant

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Sanjay Kumar Gupta

  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

    Ejaz Ahmad

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Pai, S.M., Das, R.K., Kumar, S.A.K., Kumar, L., Karemore, A.L., Newalkar, B.L. (2021). Emerging Trends in Solid Acid Catalyst Alkylation Processes. In: Pant, K.K., Gupta, S.K., Ahmad, E. (eds) Catalysis for Clean Energy and Environmental Sustainability. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65021-6_4

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