Skip to main content

Design Science Theorizing: The Contribution of Practical Theory

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advancing Information Systems Theories

Part of the book series: Technology, Work and Globalization ((TWG))

Abstract

Information systems research is often conducted as engaged scholarship—collaborative work with practitioners to somehow improve the world and articulate new knowledge through gained experiences and reflection. In information systems, engaged scholarship often manifests as design science research. In this chapter, we argue that the design science discourse has been biased towards theorizing with a focus on design knowledge for a particular domain of artifacts and practices. We propose that design science also offers an opportunity to theorize instrumentalities through and for inquiry. Drawing from pragmatist epistemology as well as ideas on theorizing in management research, we adopt a case view on design science. We outline a view on the theorizing process in design science and propose practical theories as instrumental and emergent tools for design inquiry and as viable and important knowledge outcomes of design science. Finally, we discuss implications for design science research cases and how this can contribute to a cumulative knowledge evolution.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ågerfalk, P. J., & Karlsson, F. (2020). Theoretical, empirical and artefactual contributions in information systems research: Implications implied. This volume.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barge, J. K. (2004). Articulating CMM as a practical theory. Human Systems, 15, 187–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baskerville, R., Baiyere, A., Gregor, S., Hevner, A., & Rossi, M. (2018). Design science research contributions: Finding a balance between artifact and theory. Journal of AIS, 19(5), 358–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baskerville, R., Kaul, M., & Storey, V. (2015). Genres of inquiry in design-science research: Justification and evaluation of knowledge production. MIS Quarterly, 39(3), 541–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baskerville, R., Lyytinen, K., Sambamurthy, V., & Straub, D. (2011). A response to the design-oriented information systems research memorandum. European Journal of Information Systems, 20, 11–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baskerville, R., & Pries-Heje, J. (2010). Explanatory design theory. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 5, 271–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blumer, H. (1954). What is wrong with social theory? American Sociological Review, 19(1), 3–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohman, J. (2002). How to make a social science practical: Pragmatism, critical social science and multiperspectival theory. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 31(3), 499–524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, G. (2006). Grounded theory and sensitizing concepts. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(3), 12–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braa, K., & Vidgen, R. (1999). Interpretation, intervention, and reduction in the organizational laboratory: A framework for in-context information system research. Accounting, Management & Information Technology, 9, 25–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corley, K., & Gioia, D. (2011). Building theory about theory building: What constitutes a theoretical contribution? Academy of Management Review, 36(1), 12–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, R. T., & Tracy, K. (1995). Grounded practical theory: The case of intellectual discussion. Communication Theory, 5(3), 248–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cronen, V. (1995). Practical theory and the tasks ahead for social approaches to communication. In W. Leeds-Hurwitz (Ed.), Social approaches to communication. New York: Guildford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronen, V. (2001). Practical theory, practical art, and the pragmatic-systemic account of inquiry. Communication Theory, 11(1), 14–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalsgaard, P. (2017). Instruments of inquiry: Understanding the nature and role of tools in design. International Journal of Design, 11(1), 21–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davison, R. M., Martinsons, M. G., & Ou, C. (2012). The roles of theory in canonical action research. MIS Quarterly, 36(3), 763–786.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J. (1910). How we think. Boston: D C Heath & Co..

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J. (1938). Logic: The theory of inquiry. New York: Henry Holt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elden, M. (1983). Democratization and participative research in developing local theory. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 4(1), 21–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, A. (2000). Decision making in the practical domain: A model of practical conceptual change. Science Education, 84(5), 606–623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, D. (1999). The case for pragmatic psychology. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedrichs, J., & Kratochvil, F. (2009). On acting and knowing: How pragmatism can advance international relations research and methodology. International Organization, 63, 701–731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldkuhl, G. (2007). What does it mean to serve the citizen in e-services?—Towards a practical theory founded in socio-instrumental pragmatism. International Journal of Public Information Systems, 2007(3), 135–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldkuhl, G. (2011). Generic regulation model—The evolution of a practical theory for e-government. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 5(3), 249–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldkuhl, G., & Cronholm, S. (2010). Adding theoretical grounding to grounded theory—Towards multi-grounded theory. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 9(2), 187–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldkuhl, G., & Lind, M. (2007). Grounding business interaction models: Socio-instrumental pragmatism as a theoretical foundation. In P. Rittgen (Ed.), Handbook of ontologies for business interaction (pp. 69–86). Hershey, PA: Idea Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldkuhl, G., & Lind, M. (2010). A multi-grounded design research process. DESRIST-2010 Proceedings, LNCS 6105, Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldkuhl, G., & Röstlinger, A. (1993). Joint elicitation of problems: An important aspect of change analysis. In D. Avison et al. (Eds.), Human, organizational and social dimensions of Information systems development. North-Holland: IFIP. wg. 8.2

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldkuhl, G., & Röstlinger, A. (2003). The significance of workpractice diagnosis: Socio-pragmatic ontology and epistemology of change analysis. Proceedings of the International workshop on Action in Language, Organisations and Information Systems (ALOIS-2003), Linköping University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldkuhl, G., & Röstlinger, A. (2007). Clarifying government—Citizen interaction: From business action to generic exchange. Proceedings of the 4th Scandinavian Workshop on e-Government, Örebro.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldkuhl, G., & Sjöström, J. (2018). Design science in the field: Practice design research. Proceedings Desrist-2018, LNCS 10844, pp. 67–81, Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregor, S., & Hevner, A. (2011). Introduction to the special issue on design science. Journal of Information Systems and e-Business Management, 9, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregor, S., & Hevner, A. (2013). Positioning and presenting design science research for maximum impact. MIS Quarterly, 37(2), 337–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregor, S., & Jones, D. (2007). The anatomy of a design theory. Journal of AIS, 8(5), 312–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J. (1984). The theory of communicative action 1. Reason and the rationalization of society. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hambrick, D. (2007). The field of management’s devotion to theory: Too much of a good thing? Academy of Management Journal, 50(6), 1346–1352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson-Sellers, B., Ralyté, J., Ågerfalk, P., & Rossi, M. (2014). Situational method engineering. Berlin: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hevner, A., March, S., Park, J., & Ram, S. (2004). Design science in information systems research. MIS Quarterly, 28(1), 75–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hultgren, G., & Goldkuhl, G. (2013). How to research e-services as social interaction: Multi-grounding practice research aiming for practical theory. Systems, Signs & Actions, 7(2), 104–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iivari, J. (2007). A paradigmatic analysis of information systems as a design science. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems, 19(2), 39–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iivari, J. (2015). Distinguishing and contrasting two strategies for design science research. European Journal of Information Systems, 24, 107–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iivari, J., & Lyytinen, K. (1998). Research on information systems development in Scandinavia—Unity in plurality. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems, 10(1 & 2), 135–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jung, M., Sonalkar, N., Magobunje, A., Bannerjee, B., Lande, M., Han, C., et al. (2010). Designing perception-action theories: Theory-building for design practice. In The eighth Design Thinking Research Symposium (DTRS8), Sydney.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelle, U. (2005). ‘Emergence’ vs. ‘Forcing’ of empirical data? A crucial problem of ‘Grounded Theory’ reconsidered. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 6(2), Article 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A., & Baskerville, R. (2003). Generalizing generalizability in information systems research. Information Systems Research, 14(3), 221–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. S., Pries-Heje, J., & Baskerville, R. (2011). Theorizing in design science research. Proceedings DESRIST-2011, LNCS 6629, pp. 1–16, Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (1945). The Research Center for Group Dynamics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Sociometry, 8(2), 126–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, H., & King, C. (1998). Practical theory. American Review of Public Administration, 8(1), 43–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D. B. (2004). Managing social conflict—The evolution of a practical theory. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 31(1), Article 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niehaves, B., & Ortbach, K. (2016). The inner and the outer model in explanatory design theory: The case of designing electronic feedback systems. European Journal of Information Systems, 25, 303–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Österle, H., Becker, J., Frank, U., Hess, T., Karagiannis, D., Krcmar, H., et al. (2011). Memorandum on design-oriented information systems research. European Journal of Information Systems, 20(1), 7–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peffers, K., Tuunanen, T., & Niehaves, B. (2018). Design science research genres: Introduction to the special issue on exemplars and criteria for applicable design science research. European Journal of Information Systems, 20(2), 129–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purao, S., Baldwin, C. I., Hevner, A. R., Storey, V. C., Pries-Heje, J., Smith, B., et al. (2008). The sciences of design: Observations on an emerging field. In Working paper 09-056. Harvard Business School.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rae, D. (2004). Practical theories from entrepreneurs’ stories: Discursive approaches to entrepreneurial learning. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11(2), 195–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, P., Petrosino, A., Huebner, T., & Hacsi, T. (2000). Program theory evaluation: Practice, promise, and problems. New Directions for Evaluation, 87, 5–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech acts. An essay in the philosophy of language. London: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sein, M., Henfridsson, O., Purao, S., Rossi, M., & Lindgren, R. (2011). Action design research. MIS Quarterly, 35(1), 37–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A. (1996). The sciences of the artificial. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjöström, J. (2010). Designing information systems. A pragmatic account. PhD diss., Uppsala University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjöström, J., & Ågerfalk, P. J. (2009). An analytic framework for design-oriented research concepts. Proceedings of AMCIS-2009, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjöström, J., & Goldkuhl, G. (2009). Socio-instrumental pragmatism in action. In B. Whitworth & A. De Moor (Eds.), Handbook of research on socio-technical design and social networking systems. IGI, Hershey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, C. (2005). Practical inquiry/theory in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 50(2), 196–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, J., & Zediker, K. (2000). Practically theorizing theory and practice. The Practical Theory, Public Participation and Community Conference, Waco

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research. Techniques and procedures for developing Grounded Theory (2nd ed.). Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, R., & Staw, B. (1995). What theory is not. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 371–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornberg, R. (2012). Informed Grounded Theory. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 56(3), 243–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Maanen, J., Sørensen, J., & Mitchell, T. (2007). The interplay between theory and method. Academy of Management Review, 32(4), 1145–1154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Strien, P. (1997). Towards a methodology of psychological practice: The regulative cycle. Theory & Psychology, 7, 683–700.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Venable, J. (2006). The role of theory and theorising in design science research. Proceedings DESRIST-2006, Claremont.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walls, J. G., Widmeyer, G. R., & El Sawy, O. A. (1992). Building an information systems design theory for vigilant EIS. Information Systems Research, 3(1), 36–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M. (1978). Economy and society. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weick, K. (1995). What theory is not, theorizing is. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(3), 385–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winograd, T., & Flores, F. (1986). Understanding computers and cognition: A new foundation for design. Norwood: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, R. (2014). Towards a framework for evidence-based and inductive design in information systems research. In M. Helfert et al. (Eds.), Proceedings EDSS-2013 (CCIS 447) (pp. 1–20). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Göran Goldkuhl .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Goldkuhl, G., Sjöström, J. (2021). Design Science Theorizing: The Contribution of Practical Theory. In: Hassan, N.R., Willcocks, L.P. (eds) Advancing Information Systems Theories. Technology, Work and Globalization. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64884-8_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics