Abstract
Although there has been a growing understanding of theory in the Information Systems (IS) field in recent years, the process of theorizing is rarely addressed with contributions originating from other disciplines and little effort to coherently synthesize them. Moreover, the field’s view of theorizing has traditionally focused on the context of justification with an emphasis on collection and analysis of data in response to a research question with theory often added as an afterthought. To fill this void, we foreground the context of discovery that emphasizes the creative and often serendipitous articulation of theory by emphasizing this important stage of theorizing as a reflective and highly iterative practice. Specifically, we suggest that IS researchers engage in foundational theorizing practices to form the discourse, problematize the phenomenon of interest and leverage paradigms, and deploy generative theorizing practices through analogies, metaphors, myths, and models to develop the IS discourse. To illustrate the detailed workings of these discursive practices, we draw on key examples from IS theorizing.
*Reprinted by permission, Hassan, N.R., Mathiassen, L. & Lowry, P.B. (2019) The process of information systems theorizing as a discursive practice. Journal of Information Technology, 34(3), pp. 198–220.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adam, F., & Fitzgerald, B. (2000). The status of the IS field: Historical perspective and practical orientation. Information Research, 5(4), 5–14.
Adler, J. E., & Rips, L. J. (Eds.). (2008). Reasoning: Studies of human inference and its foundations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Agarwal, R., & Lucas Jr., H. C. (2005). The information systems identity crisis: focusing on high-visibility and high-impact research. MIS Quarterly, 29(3), 381–398.
Ågerfalk, P. J. (2014). Insufficient theoretical contribution: A conclusive rationale for rejection? European Journal of Information Systems, 23(6), 593–599.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1972). The prediction of behavior from attitudinal and normative variables. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 6(4), 466–487.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1973). Attitudinal and normative variables as predictors of specific behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27(1), 41–57.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Allport, F. H. (1962). A structuronomic conception of behavior: Individual and collective: I. Structural theory and the master problem of social psychology. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64(1), 3–30.
Alter, S. L. (1977). A taxonomy of decision support systems. Sloan Management Review, 19(1), 39–56.
Alter, S. L. (1980). Decision support systems: Current practice and continuing challenge. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Alvesson, M., & Karreman, D. (2000). Varieties of discourse: On the study of organizations through discourse analysis. Human Relations, 53(9), 1125–1149.
Alvesson, M., & Sandberg, J. (2013). Constructing research questions: Doing interesting research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Alvesson, M., & Sandberg, J. (2014). Habitat and Habitus: Boxed-in versus Box-breaking research. Organization Studies, 35(7), 967–987.
Angst, C. M., Agarwal, R., Sambamurthy, V., & Kelley, K. (2010). Social contagion and information technology diffusion: The adoption of electronic medical records in US hospitals. Management Science, 56(8), 1219–1241.
Applegate, L. M., Konsynski, B. R., & Nunamaker, J. F. (1986). A group decision support system for idea generation and issue analysis in organization planning. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 1986 ACM Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work.
Aristotle. (1934). Nicomachean Ethics (H. Rackham, Trans. Vol. 19). London: William Heinemann Ltd.
Avgerou, C., Lanzara, G. F., & Willcocks, L. P. (Eds.). (2009). Bricolage, care and information: Claudio Ciborra’s legacy in information systems research. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Avison, D. (1997). The ‘Discipline’ of information systems: Teaching, research and practice. In J. Mingers & F. Stowell (Eds.), Information systems: An emerging discipline? (pp. 113–139). London: McGraw-Hill.
Avison, D., & Malaurent, J. (2014). Is theory king?: Questioning the theory fetish in information systems. Journal of Information Technology, 29(4), 327–336.
Bacchi, C., & Bonham, J. (2014). Reclaiming discursive practices as an analytic focus: Political implications. Foucault Studies, 17, 179–192.
Bacharach, S. B. (1989). Organizational theories: Some criteria for evaluation. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 496–515.
Bagnall, J. (2012). What’s the difference between analogy, metaphor and simile. Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/Whats-the-difference-between-analogy-metaphor-and-simile
Bal, M. (2002). Travelling concepts in the humanities: A rough guide. Toronto, CA: University of Toronto Press.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122–147.
Banville, C., & Landry, M. (1989). Can the field of MIS be disciplined? Communications of the ACM, 32(1), 48–60.
Becker, J., vom Brocke, J., Heddier, M., & Seidel, S. (2015). In search of information systems (grand) challenges: A community of inquirers perspective. Business Information Systems Engineering, 57(6), 377–390.
Beer, S. (1972). Brain of the firm. London, UK: The Penguin Press.
Beer, S. (1979). The heart of enterprise. Chichester, UK: Wiley and Sons.
Bem, S. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88(4), 354–364.
Benbasat, I., & Barki, H. (2007). Quo vadis TAM? Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 8(4), 211–218.
Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality. New York: Anchor Books.
Berlin, I. (1999). Concepts and categories. London: Pimlico.
Bichler, M., Frank, U., Avison, D., Malaurent, J., Fettke, P., Hovorka, D., et al. (2016). Theories in business and information systems engineering. Business Information Systems Engineering, 58(4), 291–319.
Bidney, D. (1955). Myth, symbolism, and truth. Journal of American Folklore, 68(270), 379–392.
Bijker, W. E. (1995). Of bicycles, Bakelites, and Bulbs: Toward a theory of sociotechnical change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bijker, W. E., Hughes, T. P., & Pinch, T. J. (1987). The social construction of technological systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Blalock, H. M. (1969). Theory construction: From verbal to mathematical formulations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bodensteiner, W. D. (1970). Information channel utilization under varying research and development project conditions: An aspect of inter-organizational communication channel usages. PhD Dissertation, The University of Texas, Austin, Austin, TX.
Boell, S. K. (2017). Information: Fundamental positions and their implications for information systems research, education and practice. Information and Organization, 27(1), 1–17.
Boland, R. J. (1987). The in-formation of information systems. In R. J. Boland & R. A. Hirschheim (Eds.), Critical issues in information systems research (pp. 363–379). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Brancheau, J. C., & Wetherbe, J. C. (1987). Key issues in information systems management. MIS Quarterly, 11, 23–45.
Bromberger, S. (1992). On what we know we don’t know: Explanation, theory, linguistics, and how questions shape them. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Brynjolfsson, E., Hofmann, P., & Jordan, J. (2010). Cloud computing and electricity: Beyond the utility model. Communications of the ACM, 53(5), 32–34.
Burns, T., & Stalker, G. M. (1961). The management of innovation. London: Tavistock Institute.
Burton-Jones, A., McLean, E. R., & Monod, E. (2014). Theoretical perspectives in IS research: From variance and process to conceptual latitude and conceptual fit. European Journal of Information Systems, 24(6), 664–679.
Byron, K., & Thatcher, S. M. B. (2016). Editors’ comments: “What I know now that I wish I knew then” – Teaching theory and theory building. Academy of Management Review, 41(1), 1–8.
Caminer, D. T. (Ed.). (1997). LEO: The incredible story of the world’s first business computer. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Campbell, D. T. (1965a). Ethnocentric and other altruistic motives. In D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 283–311). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Campbell, D. T. (1965b). Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution. In H. R. Barringer, G. I. Blanksten, & R. Mack (Eds.), Social change in developing areas (pp. 19–49). Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.
Campbell, N. R. (1920). Foundations of science: The philosophy of theory and experiment. New York, NY: Dover Publications, Inc..
Carr, N. G. (2003). IT doesn’t matter. Harvard Business Review, 81(5), 41–49.
Cassirer, E., & Verene, D. P. (1979). Symbol, myth, and culture: Essays and lectures of Ernst Cassirer, 1935–1945. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Chamberlin, T. C. (1890). The method of multiple working hypotheses. Science, 15(366), 92–96.
Chen, W., & Hirschheim, R. (2004). A paradigmatic and methodological examination of information systems research from 1991 to 2001. Information Systems Journal, 14(3), 197–235.
Ciborra, C. (1992). From thinking to tinkering: the grassroots of strategic information systems. Information Society, 8(4), 297–309.
Cohen, P. S. (1969). Theories of myth. Man, 4(3), 337–353.
Cohen, T. (2013). Rough Obamacare rollout: 4 reasons why. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/22/politics/obamacare-website-four-reasons/
Collins, H. M., & Pinch, T. J. (1982). Frames of meaning: The social construction of extraordinary science. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Comte, A. M. (1830–42). The positive philosophy of Auguste Comte translated by Harriet Martineau. Chicago: Belford, Clarke & Co.
Constant, E. W. (1980). The origins of the Turbojet revolution. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.
Corley, K. G., & Gioia, D. A. (2011). Building theory about theory building: What constitutes a theoretical contribution. Academy of Management Review, 36(1), 12–32.
Cornelissen, J. P., & Durand, R. (2014). Moving forward: Developing theoretical contributions in management studies. Journal of Management Studies, 51(6), 845–1023.
Corvellec, H. (2013). Why ask what theory is? In H. Corvellec (Ed.), What is theory? Answers from the social and cultural sciences (pp. 9–24). Copenhagen: Liber CBS Press.
Cushing, B. E. (1990). Frameworks, paradigms, and scientific research in management information systems. Journal of Information Systems, 5(1), 38–59.
Cuvier, G. (1800–1805). Leçons d’anatomie comparée (Lessons of comparative anatomy). Paris: Baudouin.
Daft, R. L., & Lengel, R. H. (1983). Information richness: A new approach to managerial behavior and organization design (TR-ONR-DG-02). Retrieved from www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a128980.pdf
Daft, R. L., & Lengel, R. H. (1986). Organizational information requirements, media richness and structural design. Management Science, 32(5), 554–571.
Daft, R. L., Lengel, R. H., & Trevino, L. K. (1987). Message equivocality, media selection, and manager performance: Implications for Information Systems. MIS Quarterly, 11(3), 355–366.
Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species. London: John Murray.
Davenport, T. H., & Patil, D. J. (2012). Data scientist: The sexiest job of the 21st century. Harvard Business Review, 90(10), 70–76.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 318–340.
Davis, F. D., Jr. (1986). A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information systems: theory and results. PhD Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
Dearden, J. (1966). Myth of real-time management information. Harvard Business Review, 44(3), 123–132.
Denning, P. J. (1999). Computing the profession. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 30th Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE), New Orleans, LA, March 24–28.
Dennis, A. R., George, J. F., Jessup, L. M., Nunamaker Jr., J. F., & Vogel, D. R. (1988). Information technology to support electronic meetings. MIS Quarterly, 12(4), 591–624.
DeSanctis, G., & Poole, M. S. (1994). Capturing the complexity in advanced technology use – Adaptive structuration theory. Organization Science, 5(2), 121–147.
Dickson, G. W., Senn, J. A., & Chervany, N. L. (1977). Research in management information systems: The Minnesota experiments. Management Science, 23(9), 913–923.
Dreyfus, H. L., & Rabinow, P. (1983). Michel Foucault: Beyond structuralism and hermeneutics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Dubin, R. (1969). Building theory. New York: The Free Press.
Durkheim, É. (1951/1897). On suicide: A study in sociology. New York, NY: Free Press.
Ein-Dor, P., & Segev, E. (1981). A paradigm for management information systems. New York: Praeger Publishers.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532–551.
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 25–32.
Ellis, D., Allen, D., & Wilson, T. (1999). Information science and information systems: Conjunct subjects disjunct disciplines. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(12), 1095–1107.
Ellul, J. (1973). The technological society. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Fawcett, J. (1995). Analysis and evaluation of conceptual models of nursing (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company.
Fawcett, J. (1998). The relationship of theory and research. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company.
Feenberg, A. (1991). The critical theory of technology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ferry, G. (2003). A computer called LEO: Lyons teashops and the world’s first office computer. London, UK: Fourth Estate.
Fischer, D. H. (1970). Historian’s Fallacies: Toward a logic of historical thought. New York: Harper Perennial.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1974). Attitudes towards objects as predictors of single and multiple behavioral criteria. Psychological Review, 81(1), 59–74.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1977). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Foucault, M. (1970). The order of things: An archeology of the human sciences. New York: Pantheon Books.
Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge and the discourse on language. (A. M. S. Smith, Trans. New York: Pantheon Books.
Freese, L. (1980). Formal theorizing. Annual Review of Sociology, 6, 187–212.
Galbraith, J. R. (1973). Designing complex organizations. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Galbraith, J. R. (1977). Organization design. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in ethnomethodology. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Gauch, H. G. (2003). Scientific method in practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Geary, J. (2009). Metaphorically speaking. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/james_geary_metaphorically_speaking?language=en
Gentner, D. (1983). Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy. Cognitive Science, 1, 155–170.
Gentner, D. (1989). Mechanisms of analogical reasoning. In S. Vosniadou & A. Ortony (Eds.), Similarity and analogical reasoning (pp. 199–241). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gholami, R., Watson, R. T., Hasan, H., Molla, A., & Bjørn-Andersen, N. (2016). Information systems solutions for environmental sustainability: How can we do more? Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 17(8), 521–536.
Giddens, A. (1976). New rules of sociological method: A positive critique of interpretive sociologies (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.
Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gilbert, W. (1893/1600). On the loadstone and magnetic bodies and on the great magnet the earth. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Gioia, D. A., & Pitre, E. (1990). Multiparadigm perspectives on theory building. The Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 584–602.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Goles, T., & Hirschheim, R. (2000). The paradigm is dead, the paradigm is dead…long live the paradigm: the legacy of Burrell and Morgan. Omega, 28(3), 249–268.
Gorry, G. A., & Scott, M. S. (1971). A framework for management information systems. Sloan Management Review, 13(1), 55–70.
Gregor, S. (2006). The nature of theory in information systems. MIS Quarterly, 30(3), 611–642.
Gregor, S. (2014). Theory – Still king but needing a revolution! Journal of Information Technology, 29(4), 337–340.
Gregor, S. (2018). On theory. In R. Galliers & M.-K. Stein (Eds.), The Routledge companion to management information systems (pp. 57–72). New York: Routledge.
Gregor, S., & Jones, D. (2007). The anatomy of a design theory. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 8(5), 312–335.
Gregory, R. H., & Van Horn, R. L. (1960). Automatic data-processing systems: Principles and procedures. San Francisco: Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Grover, V., & Lyytinen, K. (2015). New state of play in information systems research: The push to the edges. MIS Quarterly, 39(2), 271–296.
Grover, V., Lyytinen, K., Srinivasan, A., & Tan, B. C. Y. (2008). Contributing to rigorous and forward thinking explanatory theory. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 9(2), 40–47.
Grover, V., Lyytinen, K., & Weber, R. (2012). Panel on native IS theories. Paper presented at the Special Interest Group on Philosophy and Epistemology in IS (SIGPHIL) Workshop on IS Theory: State of the Art, Orlando, FL, Dec 16–19.
Gutting, G. (Ed.). (1980). Paradigms and revolutions: Applications and appraisals of Thomas Kuhn’s philosophy of science. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Hall, D. T., & Mansfield, R. (1975). Relationships of age and seniority with career variables of engineers and scientists. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 201–210.
Hanson, N. R. (1958). Patterns of discovery: An inquiry into the conceptual foundations of science. London: Cambridge University Press.
Hassan, N. R. (2011). Is information systems a discipline? Foucauldian and Toulminian insights. European Journal of Information Systems, 20(4), 456–476.
Hassan, N. R. (2014a). Paradigm lost … paradigm gained: A hermeneutical rejoinder to Banville and Landry’s ‘Can the Field of MIS be Disciplined?’. European Journal of Information Systems, 23(6), 600–615.
Hassan, N. R. (2014b). Value of IS research: Is there a crisis? Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 34(Art 41), 801–816.
Hassan, N. R., & Mingers, J. C. (2018). Reinterpreting the Kuhnian paradigm in information systems. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 19(7), 568–599.
Hassan, N. R., & Will, H. J. (2006). Synthesizing diversity and pluralism in information systems: Forging a unique disciplinary subject matter for the information systems field. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 17(7), 152–180.
Heidegger, M. (1977). The question concerning technology, and other essays. New York: Harper & Row.
Helmreich, R. L., Spence, J. T., & Wilhelm, J. A. (1981). A psychometric analysis of the personal attributes questionnaire. Sex Roles, 7(11), 1097–1108.
Hesse, M. (1967). Models and analogy in science. In P. Edwards (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of philosophy (Vol. 5, pp. 354–359). New York: The Macmillan Co. & The Free Press.
Hesse, M. B. (1966). Models and analogies in science. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Hirschheim, R., & Klein, H. K. (2012). A glorious and not-so-short history of the information systems field. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(4), 188–235.
Hirschheim, R. A., & Newman, M. (1991). Symbolism and information systems development: Myth, metaphor and magic. Information Systems Research, 2(1), 29–62.
Hollinger, D. A. (1980). T. S. Kuhn’s theory of science and its implications for history. In G. Gutting (Ed.), Paradigms and revolutions: Applications and appraisals of Thomas Kuhn’s philosophy of science (pp. 195–222). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Holmström, J., & Truex, D. (2011). Dropping your tools: Exploring when and how theories can serve as blinders in IS research. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 28(1), 283–294. Article 219.
Iivari, J., Hirschheim, R., & Klein, H. K. (1998). A paradigmatic analysis contrasting information systems development approaches and methodologies. Information Systems Research, 9(2), 164–193.
Ives, B., & Olson, M. H. (1984). User involvement and MIS success. Management Science, 30(5), 586–603.
Jaccard, J., & Jacoby, J. (2010). Theory construction and model-building skills: A practical guide for social scientists. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Jenkins, R. V. (1975). Images and enterprise: Technology and the American photographic industry, 1839 to 1925. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Jones, M. (1997). It all depends what you mean by discipline. In J. Mingers & F. Stowell (Eds.), Information systems: An emerging discipline? (pp. 97–112). London: McGraw-Hill.
Jones, M. (1999). Structuration theory. In W. Currie & B. Galliers (Eds.), Rethinking management information systems (pp. 103–135). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jones, M., & Karsten, H. (2008). Giddens’s structuration theory and information systems research. MIS Quarterly, 32(1), 127–157.
Kaarst-Brown, M. L., & Robey, D. (1999). More on myth, magic and metaphor: Cultural insights into the management of information technology in organizations. Information Technology & People, 12(2), 192–217.
Kahn, H. (1965). On escalation: Metaphors and scenarios. New York, NY: Praeger.
Kaplan, A. (1964). The conduct of inquiry: Methodology for behavioral science. San Francisco: Chandler Pub. Co.
Kappelman, L., McLean, E., Luftman, J., & Johnson, V. (2013). Key issues of IT organizations and their leadership: The 2013 SIM IT trends study. MIS Quarterly Executive, 12(4), 227–240.
Katz, M. L., & Shapiro, C. (1985). Network externalities, competition, and compatibility. American Economic Review, 75(3), 424–440.
Katz, M. L., & Shapiro, C. (1986). Technology adoption in the presence of network externalities. Journal of Political Economy, 94(4), 822–841.
Keen, P. G. W. (1980). MIS research: Reference disciplines and a cumulative tradition. Paper presented at the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), Philadelphia, PA.
Keen, P. G. W., & Scott, M. S. (1978). Decision support systems: An organizational perspective. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
Keil, M. (1995). Pulling the plug: Software project management and the problem of project escalation. MIS Quarterly, 19(4), 421–447.
Keil, M., & Robey, D. (1999). Turning around troubled software projects: An exploratory study of the deescalation of commitment to failing courses of action. Journal of Management Information Systems, 15(4), 63–87.
Keil, M., Tan, B. C. Y., Wei, K.-K., Saarinen, T., Tuunainen, V., & Wassenaar, A. (2000). A cross-cultural study on escalation of commitment behavior in software projects. MIS Quarterly, 24(2), 299–325.
Kendall, J. E., & Kendall, K. E. (1993). Metaphors and methodologies: Living beyond the systems machine. MIS Quarterly, 17, 149–171.
Ketokivi, M., Mantere, S., & Cornelissen, J. (2017). Reasoning by analogy and the progress of theory. Academy of Management Review, 42(4), 637–658.
Khazanchi, D., & Munkvold, B. E. (2000). Is information systems a science? An inquiry into the nature of the information systems discipline. Database for Advances in Information Systems, 31(3), 24–42.
Khazanchi, D., & Munkvold, B. E. (2003). On the rhetoric and relevance of IS research paradigms: A conceptual framework and some propositions. Paper presented at the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-36), Hawaii, January 6–9.
King, J. L., & Lyytinen, K. (2004). Reach and grasp. MIS Quarterly, 28(4), 539–552.
Kirby, J. T. (1997). Aristotle on metaphor. American Journal of Philology, 118(4), 517–554.
Kirsch, L. J. (1996). The management of complex tasks in organizations: Controlling the systems development process. Organization Science, 7(1), 1–22.
Kirsch, L. J. (1997). Portfolios of control modes and IS project management. Information Systems Research, 8(3), 215–239.
Knorr-Cetina, K. D. (2014). Intuitionist theorizing. In R. Swedberg (Ed.), Theorizing in social science: The context of discovery (pp. 29–60). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Krupnik, I., & Müller-Wille, L. (2010). Franz Boas and inuktitut terminology for ice and snow: From the emergence of the field to the “Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax”. In I. Krupnik, C. Aporta, S. Gearheard, G. J. Laidler, & L. K. Holm (Eds.), SIKU: Knowing our ice. Documenting Inuit Sea Ice knowledge and use (pp. 377–400). New York: Springer.
Kuechler, W., & Vaishnavi, V. (2012). A framework for theory development in design science research: Multiple perspectives. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(6), 395–423.
Kuhn, T. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kuhn, T. S. (1987). What are scientific revolutions? In L. Kruger, L. J. Daston, & M. Heidelberger (Eds.), The probabilistic revolution (pp. 7–22). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Langefors, B. (1966). Theoretical analysis of information systems. Lund: Studentlitteratur.
Lanzara, G. F. (2009). Introduction: Information systems and the quest for meaning – An account of Claudio Ciborra’s intellectual journey. In C. Avgerou, G. F. Lanzara, & L. P. Willcocks (Eds.), Bricolage, care and information: Claudio Ciborra’s legacy in information systems research (pp. 1–27). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Le Coze, J.-C. (2008). Disasters and organisations: From lessons learnt to theorising. Safe Science, 46(1), 132–149.
Leary, D. E. (1995). Naming and knowing: Giving forms to things unknown. Social Research, 62(2), 267–298.
Lee, A. S. (2010). Retrospect and prospect: Information systems research in the last and next 25 years. Journal of Information Technology, 25(4), 336–348.
Lee, A. S. (2014). Theory is king? But first, what is theory? Journal of Information Technology, 29(4), 350–352.
Lee, A. S., Thomas, M., & Baskerville, R. L. (2015). Going back to basics in design science: From the information technology artifact to the information systems artifact. Information Systems Journal, 25(1), 1–65.
Lengel, R. H. (1983). Managerial information processing and communication media source selection behavior. PhD dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
Lengel, R. H., & Daft, R. L. (1984). An exploratory analysis of the relationship between media richness and managerial information processing (TR-ONR-DG-08). Retrieved from www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a143503.pdf
Lévi-Strauss, C. (1955). The structural study of myth. Journal of American Folklore, 68(270), 428–444.
Lévi-Strauss, C. (1963). Structural anthropology. New York: Basic Books.
Lévi-Strauss, C. (1966). The savage mind. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Lim, S., Saldanha, T., Malladi, S., & Melville, N. P. (2009). Theories used in information systems research: Identifying theory networks in leading IS journals. Paper presented at the International Conference on Information Systems, December 15–18 Phoenix AZ.
Liu, F., & Myers, M. D. (2011). An analysis of the AIS basket of top journals. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 13(1), 5–24.
Locke, K., & Golden-Biddle, K. (1997). Constructing opportunities for contribution: Structuring intertextual coherence and ‘problematizing’ in organizational studies. Academy of Management Journal, 40(5), 1023–1062.
Luke, A. (1995). Text and discourse in education: An introduction to critical discourse analysis. Review of Research in Education, 21, 3–48.
Lyytinen, K., & King, J. L. (2004). Nothing at the center? Academic legitimacy in the information systems field. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 5(6), 220–246.
Lyytinen, K., & King, J. L. (2006). The theoretical core and academic legitimacy: A response to professor Weber. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 7(11), 714–721.
Ma, M., & Agarwal, R. (2007). Through a glass darkly: Information technology design, identity verification, and knowledge contribution in online communities. Information Systems Research, 18(1), 42–67.
MacCorquodale, K., & Meehl, P. E. (1948). On a distinction between hypothetical constructs and intervening variables. Psychological Review, 55(2), 95–107.
Magga, O. H. (2006). Diversity in Saami terminology for reindeer, snow, and ice. International Social Science Journal, 58(187), 25–34.
Mantere, S., & Ketokivi, M. (2013). Reasoning in organization science. Academy of Management Review, 38(1), 70–89.
Markus, M. L. (2014). Maybe not the king, but an invaluable subordinate: A commentary on Avison and Malaurent’s advocacy of ‘theory light’ IS research. Journal of Information Technology, 29(4), 341–345.
Markus, M. L., & Saunders, C. S. (2007). Editorial comments: Looking for a few good concepts…and theories…for the information systems field. MIS Quarterly, 31(1), iii–vi.
Mason, R. M. (1991). Metaphors and strategic information systems planning. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 24th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Kauai, HI.
Mason, R. O., & Mitroff, I. I. (1973). A program for research on management information systems. Management Science, 19(5), 475–487.
McKeon, R. P. (1941). The basic works of Aristotle. New York, NY: Random House.
McKinney Jr., E. H., & Yoos, C. J. (2010). Information about information: A taxonomy of views. MIS Quarterly, 34(2), 329–344.
Merton, R. K. (1948). The self-fulfilling prophecy. The Antioch Review, 8(2), 193–210.
Merton, R. K. (1967). On theoretical sociology. New York, NY: Free Press.
Merton, R. K. (1968). Sociological theories of the middle range. In Social theory and social structure (pp. 39–72). New York: Free Press.
Meyer, M. (1995). Of problematology: Philosophy, science, and language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mills, C. W. (1959). The sociological imagination. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mingers, J. (2004). Paradigm wars: Ceasefire announced who will set up the new administration. Journal of Information Technology, 19(3), 165–171.
Mingers, J. C. (1995). Information and meaning – Foundations for an intersubjective account. Information Systems Journal, 5(4), 285–306.
Mingers, J. C. (1996). An evaluation of theories of information with regard to the semantic and pragmatic aspects of information systems. Systems Practice, 9(3), 187–209.
Minsky, M. (1975). A framework for representing knowledge. In J. Haugeland (Ed.), Mind Design II (pp. 111–142). Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
Mintzberg, H. (1972). The myths of MIS. California Management Review, 15(1), 92–97.
Mintzberg, H. (1973). The nature of managerial work. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
Moody, D., Iacob, M.-E., & Amrit, C. (2010). In search of paradigms: Identifying the theoretical foundations of the IS field. Paper presented at the European Conference on Information Systems, June 6–9, Pretoria, South Africa.
Moore, G. C., & Benbasat, I. (1991). Development of an instrument to measure the perceptions of adopting an information technology innovation. Information Systems Research, 2(3), 192–222.
Moore, H. L. (2004). Global anxieties: Concept-metaphors and pre-theoretical commitments in anthropology. Anthropological Theory, 4(1), 71–88.
Morgan, G. (1986). Images of organization. Beverly Hills Sage Publications.
Mousavidin, E., & Goel, L. (2007). Seeking Dragons in IS Research. Paper presented at the Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS 2007), August 9–12, Keystone, CO.
Naur, P., & Randell, B. (Eds.). (1969). Software engineering: Report on a conference sponsored by the NATO committee, Garmisch, Germany, 7–11th Oct. 1968. Brussels: Scientific Affairs Division, North American Treaty Organization (NATO).
Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1976). Computer science as empirical inquiry: Symbols and search. Communications of the ACM, 19(3), 113–126.
Nickles, T. (Ed.). (1980). Scientific discovery, Logic, and rationality. Dordrecht, Holland: Springer.
Nunamaker Jr., J. F., Applegate, L. M., & Konsynski, B. R. (1987). Facilitating group creativity: Experience with a group decision support system. Journal of Management Information Systems, 3(4), 5–19.
Oates, B. J., & Fitzgerald, B. (2007). Multi-metaphor method: Organizational metaphors in information systems development. Information Systems Journal, 17(4), 421–449.
Ochara, N. M. (2013). Linking Reasoning to Theoretical Argument in Information Systems Research. Paper presented at the Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS 2013), Aug 15–17, Chicago, IL.
Orlikowski, W. J. (2000). Using technology and constituting structures: A practice lens for studying technology in organizations. Organization Science, 11(4), 404–428.
Orlikowski, W. J., & Baroudi, J. J. (1991). Studying information technology in organizations: Research approaches and assumptions. Information Systems Research, 2(1), 1–28.
Orlikowski, W. J., & Iacono, C. S. (2001). Research commentary: Desperately seeking the ‘IT’ in IT research – A call to theorizing the IT artifact. Information Systems Research, 12(2), 121–134.
Orlitzky, M. (2012). How can significance tests be deinstitutionalized? Organizational Research Methods, 15(2), 199–228.
Ortony, A. (Ed.). (1979). Metaphor and thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oswick, C., Fleming, P., & Hanlon, G. (2011). From borrowing to blending: Rethinking the processes of organizational theory-building. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 318–337.
Peirce, C. S. (1893–1913/1931–1958). Collected writings (8 Vols.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Peirce, C. S. (1992). Reasoning and the logic of things. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Polanyi, M. (1958). Personal knowledge: Towards a post-critical philosophy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Popper, K. R. (1934). Logik Der Forschung (The logic of scientific discovery). Tübingen: Mohr.
Popper, K. R. (1959). The logic of scientific discovery. New York: Basic Books.
Rappaport, J. (1987). Terms of empowerment/exemplars of prevention: Toward a theory of community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15(2), 121–148.
Ravitch, S. M., & Riggan, M. (2012). Reason and rigor: How conceptual framework guides research. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Reichenbach, H. (1938). Experience and prediction: An analysis of the foundations and the structure of knowledge. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Reynolds, P. D. (1971). A primer in theory construction. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Richardson, H., & Robinson, B. (2007). The mysterious case of the missing paradigm: A review of critical information systems research 1991–2001. Information Systems Journal, 17(3), 251–270.
Ricoeur, P. (1977). The rule of metaphor: The creation of meaning in language. (R. Czerny, Trans. Toronto, CA: University of Toronto Press.
Ritzer, G. (1980). Sociology: A multiple paradigm science. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, Inc.
Rivard, S. (2014). Editor’s comments: The ions of theory construction. MIS Quarterly, 38(2), iii–xiii.
Robey, D. (2003). Identity, legitimacy and the dominant research paradigm: An alternative prescription for the IS discipline! A response to Benbasat and Zmud’s call for returning to the IT artifact. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 4(7), 352–359.
Robey, D., & Markus, M. L. (1984). Rituals in information system design. MIS Quarterly, 8(1), 5–14.
Rockart, J. F. (1979). Chief executives define their own data needs. Harvard Business Review, 52(2), 81–113.
Rockart, J. F., & DeLong, D. W. (1988). Executive support systems. Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin.
Rockart, J. F., & Treacy, M. E. (1982). The CEO goes on-line. Harvard Business Review, 60(1), 82–88.
Rogers, E. M. (1983). Diffusion of innovations (3rd ed.). New York: The Free Press.
Rose, J., Jones, M., & Truex, D. (2005). Socio-theoretic accounts of IS: The problem of agency. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems, 17(1), 133–152.
Rosenberg, N. (1976). Perspectives on technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roszak, T. (1994). The cult of information: A neo-luddite treatise on high tech, artificial intelligence, and the true art of thinking. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Runkel, P. J., & Runkel, M. (1984). A guide to usage for writers and students in the social sciences. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allanheld.
Ryle, G. (1949). The concept of mind. London, UK: Hutcheson.
Sandberg, J., & Alvesson, M. (2011). Ways of constructing research questions: Gap-spotting or problematization? Organization, 18(23), 23–44.
Sargent, A. (2012). Reframing caring as discursive practice: A critical review of conceptual analyses of caring in nursing. Nursing Inquiry, 19(2), 134–143.
Sartori, G. (1975). The Tower of Babel. In G. Sartori, F. W. Riggs, & H. Teune (Eds.), Tower of Babel: On the definition and analysis of concepts in the social sciences (Vol. 6, pp. 7–37). Pittsburgh, PA: International Studies Association.
Saussure, F. D. (1916/1966). Course in general linguistics (W. Baskin, Trans.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Schelling, T. C. (1978a). Micromotives and macrobehavior. New York, NY: Norton.
Schelling, T. C. (1978b). Thermostats, lemons, and other families of models. In Micromotives and macrobehavior (pp. 81–134). New York, NY: Norton.
Schickore, J., & Steinle, F. (Eds.). (2006). Revisiting discovery and justification: Historical and philosophical perspectives on the context distinction. Dordrecht, Holland: Springer.
Schön, D. A. (1963). The displacement of concepts. London: Tavistock Publications.
Schwab, A., Abrahamson, E., Starbuck, W. H., & Fidler, F. (2011). Researchers should make thoughtful assessments instead of null-hypothesis significance tests. Organization Science, 22(44), 1105–1120.
Shaw, M. (1990). Prospects for an engineering discipline of software. IEEE Software, 7(6), 15–24.
Simon, H. (1957). Administrative behavior. New York: Free Press.
Spencer, H. (1897). The principles of sociology. New York: D. Appleton.
Stinchcombe, A. L. (1987). Constructing social theories. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Straub, D. (2012). Editorial: Does MIS have native theories. MIS Quarterly, 36(2), iii–xii.
Street, C. T., & Denford, J. S. (2012). Punctuated equilibrium theory in IS research. In Y. K. Dwivedi, M. R. Wade, & S. L. Schneberger (Eds.), Information systems theory: Explaining and predicting our digital society, Volume 1 (pp. 335–354). New York, NY: Springer.
Suppe, F. (2000). Understanding scientific theories: An assessment of developments, 1969–1998. Philosophy of Science, 67(Supplement), S102–S115.
Swedberg, R. (2012). Theorizing in sociology and social science: Turning to the context of discovery. Theory and Society, 41(1), 1–40.
Swedberg, R. (2014a). The art of social theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Swedberg, R. (2014b). From theory to theorizing. In R. Swedberg (Ed.), Theorizing in social science: The context of discovery (pp. 1–28). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Swedberg, R. (Ed.). (2014c). Theorizing in social science: The context of discovery. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Taylor, H., Dillon, S., & Van Wingen, M. (2010). Focus and diversity in information systems research: Meeting the dual demands of a healthy applied discipline. MIS Quarterly, 34(4), 647–667.
Triandis, H. C. (1971). Attitude and attitude change. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
Trice, H. M., & Beyer, J. M. (1984). Studying organizational cultures through rites and ceremonials. Academy of Management Review, 9(4), 653–669.
Truex, D. P., Holmström, J., & Keil, M. (2006). Theorizing in information systems research: A reflexive analysis of the adaptation of theory in information systems research. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 7(12), 797–821.
Tsoukas, H. (1993). Analogical reasoning and knowledge generation in organization theory. Organization Studies, 14(3), 323–346.
Vaast, E., Davidson, E. J., & Mattson, T. (2013). Talking about technology: The emergence of a new actor category through new media. MIS Quarterly, 37(4), 1069–1092.
Vallerand, R. J. (1997). Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (pp. 271–360). New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc.
Vaughan, D. (1996). The challenger launch decision: Risky technology, culture, and deviance at NASA. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Vaughan, D. (2014). Analogy, cases, and comparative social organization. In R. Swedberg (Ed.), Theorizing in social science: The context of discovery (pp. 61–84). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Vessey, I., Ramesh, V., & Glass, R. L. (2002). Research in information systems: An empirical study of diversity in the discipline and its journals. Journal of Management Information Systems, 19(2), 129–174.
Watson, R. T., DeSanctis, G., & Poole, M. S. (1988). Using a GDSS to facilitate group consensus: Some intended and unintended consequences. MIS Quarterly, 12(3), 463–478.
Weber, R. (1987). Toward a theory of artifacts: A paradigmatic base for information systems research. Journal of Information Systems, 1(2), 3–19.
Weber, R. (2003). Editor’s comments: Theoretically speaking. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), iii–xii.
Weber, R. (2006). Reach and grasp in the debate over the IS core: An empty hand? Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 7(10), 703–713.
Weber, R. (2012). Evaluating and developing theories in the information systems discipline. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(1), 1–30.
Weichselgartner, J. (2001). Disaster mitigation: The concept of vulnerability revisited. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 10(2), 85–95.
Weick, K. E. (1979). The social psychology of organizing (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Random House.
Weick, K. E. (1989). Theory construction as disciplined imagination. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 516–531.
Weick, K. E. (1995a). Sensemaking in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Weick, K. E. (1995b). What theory is not, theorizing Is. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(3), 385–390.
Whetten, D. A. (1989). What constitutes a theoretical contribution? Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 490–495.
Whitehead, A. N. (1917). The organization of thought. London: Williams and Norgate.
Winter, S. J., & Butler, B. S. (2011). Creating bigger problems: Grand challenges as boundary objects and the legitimacy of the information systems field. Journal of Information Technology, 26(2), 99–108.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hassan, N.R., Mathiassen, L., Lowry, P. (2021). The Process of Information Systems Theorizing as a Discursive Practice*. In: Hassan, N.R., Willcocks, L.P. (eds) Advancing Information Systems Theories. Technology, Work and Globalization. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64884-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64884-8_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-64883-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-64884-8
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)