Skip to main content

The Incubation Period of COVID-19: Current Understanding and Modeling Technique

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Coronavirus Disease - COVID-19

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1318))

Abstract

This chapter aims to answer the following questions regarding the incubation period of COVID-19. Why is understanding the incubation period of COVID-19 important? How long is the incubation time, and what are the associating factors? How should the incubation period be modeled given the current pandemic situation? Where should we go from here? As a critical epidemiological metric, the incubation period is of public health and clinical importance. While the incubation time of COVID-19 is generally similar to that of SARS and MERS, recent studies identifying factors that impact the incubation period of COVID-19, travel history, for example, only tell part of the story. Therefore, in addition to reviewing current findings, this chapter also explores the modeling technique and future research directions of the incubation period of COVID-19.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Armenian HK, Lilienfeld AM (1983) Incubation period of disease. Epidemiol Rev 5:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036254

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assiri A, McGeer A, Perl TM, Price CS, Al Rabeeah AA, Cummings DA, Alabdullatif ZN, Assad M, Almulhim A, Makhdoom H, Madani H, Alhakeem R, Al-Tawfiq JA, Cotten M, Watson SJ, Kellam P, Zumla AI, Memish ZA, Team KM-CI (2013) Hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. N Engl J Med 369(5):407–416. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1306742

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Awofisayo-Okuyelu A, Hall I, Adak G, Hawker JI, Abbott S, McCARTHY N (2017) A systematic review and meta-analysis on the incubation period of Campylobacteriosis. Epidemiol Infect 145(11):2241–2253. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268817001303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Backer JA, Klinkenberg D, Wallinga J (2020) Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, 20–28 January 2020. Euro Surveill 25(5). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5.2000062

  • Cai QC, Xu QF, Xu JM, Guo Q, Cheng X, Zhao GM, Sun QW, Lu J, Jiang QW (2006) Refined estimate of the incubation period of severe acute respiratory syndrome and related influencing factors. Am J Epidemiol 163(3):211–216. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj034

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castagnoli R, Votto M, Licari A, Brambilla I, Bruno R, Perlini S, Rovida F, Baldanti F, Marseglia GL (2020) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adolescents: a systematic review. JAMA Pediatr. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1467

  • Cauchemez S, Fraser C, Van Kerkhove MD, Donnelly CA, Riley S, Rambaut A, Enouf V, van der Werf S, Ferguson NM (2014) Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: quantification of the extent of the epidemic, surveillance biases, and transmissibility. Lancet Infect Dis 14(1):50–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70304-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, Xing F, Liu J, Yip CC, Poon RW, Tsoi HW, Lo SK, Chan KH, Poon VK, Chan WM, Ip JD, Cai JP, Cheng VC, Chen H, Hui CK, Yuen KY (2020) A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 395(10223):514–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chu H, Chan JF, Wang Y, Yuen TT, Chai Y, Hou Y, Shuai H, Yang D, Hu B, Huang X, Zhang X, Cai JP, Zhou J, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chan IH, Zhang AJ, Sit KY, Au WK, Yuen KY (2020) Comparative replication and immune activation profiles of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in human lungs: an ex vivo study with implications for the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa410

  • Cowling BJ, Muller MP, Wong IO, Ho LM, Louie M, McGeer A, Leung GM (2007) Alternative methods of estimating an incubation distribution: examples from severe acute respiratory syndrome. Epidemiology 18(2):253–259. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000254660.07942.fb

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly CA, Ghani AC, Leung GM, Hedley AJ, Fraser C, Riley S, Abu-Raddad LJ, Ho LM, Thach TQ, Chau P, Chan KP, Lam TH, Tse LY, Tsang T, Liu SH, Kong JH, Lau EM, Ferguson NM, Anderson RM (2003) Epidemiological determinants of spread of causal agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. Lancet 361(9371):1761–1766. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13410-1

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • El Otmani H, El Moutawakil B, Rafai MA, El Benna N, El Kettani C, Soussi M, El Mdaghri N, Barrou H, Afif H (2020) Covid-19 and Guillain-Barré syndrome: More than a coincidence! Rev Neurol (Paris). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2020.04.007

  • Fine PE (2003) The interval between successive cases of an infectious disease. Am J Epidemiol 158(11):1039–1047. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwg251

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fourié T, Grard G, Leparc-Goffart I, Briolant S, Fontaine A (2018) Variability of Zika virus incubation period in humans. Open Forum Infect Dis 5(11):ofy261

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert R (1987) Statistical methods for environmental pollution monitoring. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gu J, Han B, Wang J (2020) COVID-19: gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal-Oral transmission. Gastroenterology. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.054

  • Guan WJ, Liang WH, Zhao Y, Liang HR, Chen ZS, Li YM, Liu XQ, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Ou CQ, Li L, Chen PY, Sang L, Wang W, Li JF, Li CC, Ou LM, Cheng B, Xiong S, Ni ZY, Xiang J, Hu Y, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Cheng LL, Ye F, Li SY, Zheng JP, Zhang NF, Zhong NS, He JX, Covid-19 CMTEGf (2020a) Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with Covid-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00547-2020

  • Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DSC, Du B, Li LJ, Zeng G, Yuen KY, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Chen PY, Xiang J, Li SY, Wang JL, Liang ZJ, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Zhong NS (2020b) Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032

  • Han Y, Jiang M, Xia D, He L, Lv X, Liao X, Meng J (2020a) COVID-19 in a patient with long-term use of glucocorticoids: a study of a familial cluster. Clin Immunol 214:108413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108413

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han YN, Feng ZW, Sun LN, Ren XX, Wang H, Xue YM, Wang Y, Fang Y (2020b) A comparative-descriptive analysis of clinical characteristics in 2019-coronavirus-infected children and adults. J Med Virol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25835

  • He X, Lau EHY, Wu P, Deng X, Wang J, Hao X, Lau YC, Wong JY, Guan Y, Tan X, Mo X, Chen Y, Liao B, Chen W, Hu F, Zhang Q, Zhong M, Wu Y, Zhao L, Zhang F, Cowling BJ, Li F, Leung GM (2020) Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19. Nat Med. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0869-5

  • Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Schiergens TS, Herrler G, Wu NH, Nitsche A, Müller MA, Drosten C, Pöhlmann S (2020) SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 181(2):271–280.e278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang L, Zhang X, Wei Z, Zhang L, Xu J, Liang P, Xu Y, Zhang C, Xu A (2020) Rapid asymptomatic transmission of COVID-19 during the incubation period demonstrating strong infectivity in a cluster of youngsters aged 16–23 years outside Wuhan and characteristics of young patients with COVID-19: a prospective contact-tracing study. J Infect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.006

  • Jiang X, Rayner S, Luo MH (2020) Does SARS-CoV-2 has a longer incubation period than SARS and MERS? J Med Virol 92(5):476–478. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25708

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ki M, 2019-nCoV TFf (2020) Epidemiologic characteristics of early cases with 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) disease in Korea. Epidemiol Health 42:e2020007. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020007

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SH, Ko JH, Park GE, Cho SY, Ha YE, Kang JM, Kim YJ, Huh HJ, Ki CS, Jeong BH, Park J, Jang JH, Kim WS, Kang CI, Chung DR, Song JH, Peck KR (2017) Atypical presentations of MERS-CoV infection in immunocompromised hosts. J Infect Chemother 23(11):769–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2017.04.004

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kuk AY, Ma S (2005) The estimation of SARS incubation distribution from serial interval data using a convolution likelihood. Stat Med 24(16):2525–2537. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2123

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • L’Huillier AG, Asner SA (2020) Pediatric impact of COVID-19. Rev Med Suisse 16(N°691–2):839–841

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lau EH, Hsiung CA, Cowling BJ, Chen CH, Ho LM, Tsang T, Chang CW, Donnelly CA, Leung GM (2010) A comparative epidemiologic analysis of SARS in Hong Kong, Beijing and Taiwan. BMC Infect Dis 10:50. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-50

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, Azman AS, Reich NG, Lessler J (2020) The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Ann Intern Med. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-0504

  • Lessler J, Reich NG, Brookmeyer R, Perl TM, Nelson KE, Cummings DA (2009) Incubation periods of acute respiratory viral infections: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 9(5):291–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70069-6

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Leung C (2019) Estimated incubation period for mosquito-borne disease-related Guillain-Barre syndrome. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2019.08.007

  • Leung C (2020a) Clinical features of deaths in the novel coronavirus epidemic in China. Rev Med Virol:e2103. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2103

  • Leung C (2020b) The difference in the incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection between travelers to Hubei and nontravelers: the need for a longer quarantine period. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.81

  • Li Q, Zeng G, Ou JM, Guo GP (2003) Epidemiological study of the transmission chain of a severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 83(11):906–909

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, Ren R, Leung KSM, Lau EHY, Wong JY, Xing X, Xiang N, Wu Y, Li C, Chen Q, Li D, Liu T, Zhao J, Liu M, Tu W, Chen C, Jin L, Yang R, Wang Q, Zhou S, Wang R, Liu H, Luo Y, Liu Y, Shao G, Li H, Tao Z, Yang Y, Deng Z, Liu B, Ma Z, Zhang Y, Shi G, Lam TTY, Wu JT, Gao GF, Cowling BJ, Yang B, Leung GM, Feng Z (2020) Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med 382(13):1199–1207. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linton NM, Kobayashi T, Yang Y, Hayashi K, Akhmetzhanov AR, Jung SM, Yuan B, Kinoshita R, Nishiura H (2020) Incubation period and other epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infections with right truncation: a statistical analysis of publicly available case data. J Clin Med 9(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020538

  • Liu Y, Gayle AA, Wilder-Smith A, Rocklöv J (2020a) The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. J Travel Med 27(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa021

  • Liu Y, Yan LM, Wan L, Xiang TX, Le A, Liu JM, Peiris M, Poon LLM, Zhang W (2020b) Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30232-2

  • Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, Wang W, Song H, Huang B, Zhu N, Bi Y, Ma X, Zhan F, Wang L, Hu T, Zhou H, Hu Z, Zhou W, Zhao L, Chen J, Meng Y, Wang J, Lin Y, Yuan J, Xie Z, Ma J, Liu WJ, Wang D, Xu W, Holmes EC, Gao GF, Wu G, Chen W, Shi W, Tan W (2020) Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 395(10224):565–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludvigsson JF (2020) Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults. Acta Paediatr. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15270

  • Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, Anzueto A, Brozek J, Crothers K, Cooley LA, Dean NC, Fine MJ, Flanders SA, Griffin MR, Metersky ML, Musher DM, Restrepo MI, Whitney CG (2019) Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American thoracic society and infectious diseases society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 200(7):e45 –e67. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST

  • Nie X, Fan L, Mu G, Tan Q, Wang M, Xie Y, Cao L, Zhou M, Zhang Z, Chen W (2020) Epidemiological characteristics and incubation period of 7,015 confirmed cases with coronavirus disease 2019 outside Hubei Province in China. J Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa211

  • Nishiura H, Mizumoto K, Ejima K, Zhong Y, Cowling B, Omori R (2012) Incubation period as part of the case definition of severe respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus. Euro Surveill 17(42)

    Google Scholar 

  • Paraskevis D, Kostaki EG, Magiorkinis G, Panayiotakopoulos G, Sourvinos G, Tsiodras S (2020) Full-genome evolutionary analysis of the novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) rejects the hypothesis of emergence as a result of a recent recombination event. Infect Genet Evol 79:104212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104212

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park M, Cook AR, Lim JT, Sun Y, Dickens BL (2020) A systematic review of COVID-19 epidemiology based on current evidence. J Clin Med 9(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9040967

  • Qian GQ, Yang NB, Ding F, Ma AHY, Wang ZY, Shen YF, Shi CW, Lian X, Chu JG, Chen L, Ren DW, Li GX, Chen XQ, Shen HJ, Chen XM (2020) Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of 91 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang, China: a retrospective, multi-Centre case series. QJM. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa089

  • Qiu C, Deng Z, Xiao Q, Shu Y, Deng Y, Wang H, Liao X, Liu H, Zhou D, Zhao X, Zhou J, Wang J, Shi Z, Long D (2020) Transmission and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in 104 outside-Wuhan patients, China J Med Virol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25975

  • Reich NG, Lessler J, Cummings DA, Brookmeyer R (2009) Estimating incubation period distributions with coarse data. Stat Med 28(22):2769–2784. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.3659

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman K, Lash T, Greenland S (2012) Mod Epidemiol. third edn. Wolters Kluwer,

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanche S, Lin YT, Xu C, Romero-Severson E, Hengartner N, Ke R (2020) High contagiousness and rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerg Infect Dis 26(7). https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.200282

  • Sartwell PE (1950) The distribution of incubation periods of infectious disease. Am J Hyg 51(3):310–318. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119397

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen Q, Guo W, Guo T, Li J, He W, Ni S, Ouyang X, Liu J, Xie Y, Tan X, Zhou Z, Peng H (2020) Novel coronavirus infection in children outside of Wuhan, China. Pediatr Pulmonol. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.24762

  • Sun L, Shen L, Fan J, Gu F, Hu M, An Y, Zhou Q, Fan H, Bi J (2020) Clinical features of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from a designated Hospital in Beijing, China. J Med Virol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25966

  • Tian S, Hu N, Lou J, Chen K, Kang X, Xiang Z, Chen H, Wang D, Liu N, Liu D, Chen G, Zhang Y, Li D, Li J, Lian H, Niu S, Zhang L, Zhang J (2020) Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing. J Infect 80(4):401–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.018

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Virlogeux V, Fang VJ, Wu JT, Ho LM, Peiris JS, Leung GM, Cowling BJ (2015) Brief report: incubation period duration and severity of clinical disease following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Epidemiology 26(5):666–669. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000339

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Virlogeux V, Fang VJ, Park M, Wu JT, Cowling BJ (2016a) Comparison of incubation period distribution of human infections with MERS-CoV in South Korea and Saudi Arabia. Sci Rep 6:35839. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep35839

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Virlogeux V, Park M, Wu JT, Cowling BJ (2016b) Association between severity of MERS-CoV infection and incubation period. Emerg Infect Dis 22(3):526–528. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2203.151437

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang P, Lu JA, Jin Y, Zhu M, Wang L, Chen S (2020) Statistical and network analysis of 1212 COVID-19 patients in Henan. China Int J Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.051

  • Xiao Z, Xie X, Guo W, Luo Z, Liao J, Wen F, Zhou Q, Han L, Zheng T (2020) Examining the incubation period distributions of COVID-19 on Chinese patients with different travel histories. J Infect Dev Ctries 14(4):323–327. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12718

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu T, Chen C, Zhu Z, Cui M, Dai H, Xue Y (2020a) Clinical features and dynamics of viral load in imported and non-imported patients with COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis 94:68–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.022

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu XW, Wu XX, Jiang XG, Xu KJ, Ying LJ, Ma CL, Li SB, Wang HY, Zhang S, Gao HN, Sheng JF, Cai HL, Qiu YQ, Li LJ (2020b) Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. BMJ 368:m606. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m606

  • Yu P, Zhu J, Zhang Z, Han Y, Huang L (2020a) A familial cluster of infection associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating potential person-to-person transmission during the incubation period. J Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa077

  • Yu X, Sun X, Cui P, Pan H, Lin S, Han R, Jiang C, Fang Q, Kong D, Zhu Y, Zheng Y, Gong X, Xiao W, Mao S, Jin B, Wu H, Fu C (2020b) Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 333 confirmed cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in Shanghai, China. Transbound Emerg Dis. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13604

  • Zeng G, Xie SY, Li Q, Ou JM (2009) Infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome during its incubation period. Biomed Environ Sci 22(6):502–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-3988(10)60008-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Litvinova M, Wang W, Wang Y, Deng X, Chen X, Li M, Zheng W, Yi L, Wu Q, Liang Y, Wang X, Yang J, Sun K, Longini IM Jr, Halloran ME, Wu P, Cowling BJ, Merler S, Viboud C, Vespignani A, Ajelli M, Yu H (2020a) Evolving epidemiology and transmission dynamics of coronavirus disease 2019 outside Hubei province, China: a descriptive and modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30230-9

  • Zhang MQ, Wang XH, Chen YL, Zhao KL, Cai YQ, An CL, Lin MG, Mu XD (2020b) Clinical features of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in the early stage from a fever clinic in Beijing. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 43(0):E013. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2020.0013

  • Zhao H, Shen D, Zhou H, Liu J, Chen S (2020) Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: causality or coincidence? Lancet Neurol 19(5):383–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30109-5

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu Y, Chen YQ (2020) On a statistical transmission model in analysis of the early phase of COVID-19 outbreak. Stat Biosci:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12561-020-09277-0

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Char Leung .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Leung, C. (2021). The Incubation Period of COVID-19: Current Understanding and Modeling Technique. In: Rezaei, N. (eds) Coronavirus Disease - COVID-19. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1318. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics