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The Politics of Electricity Access and Environmental Security in Mozambique

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Energy and Environmental Security in Developing Countries

Abstract

Electricity access is a key aspect of achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7. Alleviating poverty by increasing the availability of grid connections, system reliability and generation capacity is a key driver of economic growth. However, 2.7 billion people still rely upon unsustainable wood fuels (such as charcoal) for heating, lighting and cooking. A sustainable transition to low carbon energy has positive health and social benefits (e.g. reductions in air pollution, deforestation and carbon dioxide emissions); and secondary economic benefits from energy supply service jobs (such as installation and maintenance jobs), market disruption and innovation (from community decentralised systems, for example), and reduced labour and time costs (such as reducing costs associated with mobile phone-charging). However, representing electricity access in terms of numbers of grid connections over-simplifies the energy access challenge—hiding unreliability, community exclusion from planning processes, and potential socio-environmental damage from energy sources (e.g. from coal-use), and complex political-institutional and socio-technical system relationships. This two-part chapter examines first the benefits of electricity access provision for developing countries, and second focuses on resolving these challenges through examination of the case of Mozambique—a low income, high resource abundance nation that is undergoing rapid electrification. The chapter explores the colonial history of Mozambique and its influence upon energy technology socio-technical system development across the diverse physical and cultural geography of the country; the effects of internal political conflict and contestation; and the impact of large-scale foreign investments, especially in extractive resources. We conclude by discussing how the changing political economy of Mozambican energy production, distribution and use at the national and regional level has yet to significantly transform everyday energy practices in rural and urban areas. The majority of the Mozambican population remains dependent on environmentally insecure fuelwood (in rural areas) and charcoal (in urban areas), especially for cooking. The consumption of biomass is of concern to authorities because of rapid deforestation, particularly within the hinterland of major cities. Moreover, fuel supply chains remain disconnected from the electricity generation and distribution systems and the extraction of resources such as coal or natural gas. Recommendations for policy, technology implementation and development practice are discussed throughout.

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Acknowledgements

This chapter is an output of the project: A Political-Economic Analysis of Electricity Grid Access Histories and Futures in Mozambique (POLARIZE), at the University of York. POLARIZE is funded as part of The Applied Research Programme on Energy for Economic Growth (EEG) led by Oxford Policy Management. The programme is funded by the UK Government, through UK Aid. The Applied Research Programme on Energy and Economic Growth (EEG) produces cutting edge research on the links between energy and economic growth, working closely with policy makers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia to build more sustainable, efficient, reliable and equitable energy systems. EEG is a five-year programme, led by Oxford Policy Management (OPM) and funded by the UK Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office. For more information visit: www.energyeconomicgrowth.org.

The views expressed in this chapter do not necessarily reflect the UK government's official policies. This chapter is an expansion and adaptation of an earlier working paper for Oxford Policy Management’s Energy Insight Series: Cotton, M.D., Kirshner, J.D. and Salite, D.L.J., 2019. The political economy of electricity access: Lessons from Mozambique. Oxford Policy Management, Oxford.

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  1. Teesside University, Southfield Rd, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK

    Matthew Cotton

  2. University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5NG, UK

    Joshua Kirshner & Daniela Salite

  3. University of Eduardo Mondlane, 3453 Avenida Julius Nyerere, Maputo, Mozambique

    Daniela Salite

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Cotton, M., Kirshner, J., Salite, D. (2021). The Politics of Electricity Access and Environmental Security in Mozambique. In: Asif, M. (eds) Energy and Environmental Security in Developing Countries. Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63654-8_11

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