Abstract
Rapid rise in pharmaceutical industries during past decades in order to cure challenging human diseases has released considerable amounts of antibiotics in natural ecosystem including soil and aquatic ecosystem. The presence of antibiotics beyond the acceptable limits in agro-ecosystems entering through different sources like wastewater irrigation and manure application has witnessed multiple negative consequences on environmental homoeostasis. Moreover, the injudicious application of antibiotics for treatment of human diseases, improvement in crop yield and enhancement in productivity of livestock based meat production have triggered the resistance development in exposed microorganisms dwelling in agricultural soils, putting severe environmental threat to humans and other components of the food chain. The resistance to exposed antibiotics conferred through antibiotic resistance genes is well documented and agro-ecosystem contamination with antibiotic resistance genes as a rising risk is registered globally. So far, numbers of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes have been identified as emerging contaminants in soil ecosystem, suggesting the deployment of suitable strategies falling in the categories of physical, chemical and biological strategies to decontaminate the agricultural soils affected with antibiotics and associated resistance genes.
The present chapter entails contamination of soil with different antibiotics and genes responsible for antibiotic resistance, changes in soil microbiological characteristics and important soil processes including biogeochemical cycling of vital nutrients. In addition, possible sources of contamination including manure application, effluents from wastewater treatment plants, discharges from hospitals, households and pharmaceutical industries are also provided. Some of the currently used quantification techniques like high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS), quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) and next generation sequencing (NGS) are presented in the article in order to elucidate the fate and transport. Furthermore, impact on human health leading to considerable changes in gut microflora and microbial resistance development against commonly used antibiotics and spread of antibiotic resistance genes in environment along with possible sustainable strategies falling in the category of microbial degradation and phytoremediation have been discussed briefly to deal with such emerging contaminants.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ELISA:
-
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- HPLC:
-
High performance liquid chromatography
- LC-MS:
-
Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy
- q-PCR:
-
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- UPLC:
-
Ultra-performance liquid chromatography
References
Ahmad M, Vithanage M, Kim K, Cho JS, Lee YH, Joo YK, Lee SS, Ok YS (2014) Inhibitory effect of veterinary antibiotics on denitrification in groundwater: a microcosm approach. Sci World J. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/879831
Ahmed MJ (2017) Adsorption of quinolone, tetracycline, and penicillin antibiotics from aqueous solution using activated carbons. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 50:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2017.01.004
Aitken SL, Dilworth TJ, Heil EL, Nailor MD (2016) Agricultural applications for antimicrobials. A danger to human health: an official position statement of the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Pharmacotherapy 36:422–432. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1737
Ajibola AS, Tisler S, Zwiener C (2020) Simultaneous determination of multiclass antibiotics in sewage sludge based on QuEChERS extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Methods 12:576–586. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9AY02188D
Álvarez-Esmorís C, Conde-Cid M, Fernández-Calviño D, Fernández-Sanjurjo MJ, Núñez-Delgado A, Álvarez-Rodríguez E, Arias-Estévez M (2020) Adsorption-desorption of doxycycline in agricultural soils: batch and stirred-flow-chamber experiments. Environ Res:109565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109565
Arshad M, Zafar R (2020) Chapter 9: Antibiotics, AMRs, and ARGs: fate in the environment. In: Hashmi MZ (ed) Antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance genes in the environment. Elsevier, pp 138–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818882-8.00009-7
Aust MO, Godlinski F, Travis GR, Hao X, McAllister TA, Leinweber P, Thiele-Bruhn S (2008) Distribution of sulfamethazine, chlortetracycline and tylosin in manure and soil of Canadian feedlots after subtherapeutic use in cattle. Environ Pollut 156:1243–1251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.03.011
Awad YM, Kim KR, Kim SC, Kim K, Lee SR, Lee SS, Ok YS (2015) Monitoring antibiotic residues and corresponding antibiotic resistance genes in an agro-ecosystem. J Chem:974843. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/974843
Barrios RE, Khuntia HK, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Gilley JE, Schmidt A, Snow DD, Li X (2020) Fate and transport of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in runoff and soil as affected by the timing of swine manure slurry application. Sci Total Environ:136505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136505
Béahdy J (1974) Recent developments of antibiotic research and classification of antibiotics according to chemical structure. Adv Appl Microbiol 18:309–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2164(08)70573-2
Ben Y, Fu C, Hu M, Liu L, Wong MH, Zheng C (2019) Human health risk assessment of antibiotic resistance associated with antibiotic residues in the environment: a review. Environ Res 169:483–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.040
Bennett PM (2008) Plasmid encoded antibiotic resistance: acquisition and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria. Br J Pharmacol 153:S347–S357. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0707607
Bougnom BP, Thiele-Bruhn S, Ricci V, Zongo C, Piddock LJV (2020) Raw wastewater irrigation for urban agriculture in three African cities increases the abundance of transferable antibiotic resistance genes in soil, including those encoding extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). Sci Total Environ 698:134201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134201
Boxall AB, Blackwell P, Cavallo R, Kay P, Tolls J (2002) The sorption and transport of a sulphonamide antibiotic in soil systems. Toxicol Lett 131:19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00063-2
Boxall AB, Kolpin DW, Halling-Sørensen B, Tolls J (2003) Peer reviewed: are veterinary medicines causing environmental risks? Environ Sci Technol 37:286A–294A. https://doi.org/10.1021/es032519b
Burch TR, Sadowsky MJ, LaPara TM (2014) Fate of antibiotic resistance genes and class 1 integrons in soil microcosms following the application of treated residual municipal wastewater solids. Environ Sci Technol 48:5620–5627. https://doi.org/10.1021/es501098g
Burch TR, Sadowsky MJ, LaPara TM (2017) Effect of different treatment technologies on the fate of antibiotic resistance genes and class 1 integrons when residual municipal wastewater solids are applied to soil. Environ Sci Technol 51:14225–14232. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04760
Calderón CB, Sabundayo BP (2007) Antimicrobial classifications: drugs for bugs. In: Schwalbe R, Steele-Moore L, Goodwin AC (eds) Antimicrobial susceptibility testing protocols. CRC Press, Taylor and Frances Group. isbn:978-0-8247-4100-6
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2019) Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States 2019. US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, Atlanta, p 148
Chee-Sanford JC, Mackie RI, Koike S, Krapac IG, Lin YF, Yannarell AC, Maxwell S, Aminov RI (2009) Fate and transport of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes following land application of manure waste. J Environ Qual 38:1086–1108. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0128
Chen Q, An X, Li H, Su J, Ma Y, Zhu YG (2016) Long-term field application of sewage sludge increases the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in soil. Environ Int 92:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.026
Chen Y, Zhou JL, Cheng L, Zheng YY, Xu J (2017) Sediment and salinity effects on the bioaccumulation of sulfamethoxazole in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chemosphere 180:467–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.055
Cheng D, Ngo HH, Guo W, Chang SW, Nguyen DD, Liu Y, Wei Q, Wei D (2019) A critical review on antibiotics and hormones in swine wastewater: water pollution problems and control approaches. J Hazard Mater 121682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121682
CODEX Codex Alimentarius (1996) Vol. 3. FAO/OMS. Comisión del Codex Alimentarius, Rome, 60.
de Oliveira JA, Williams DE, Andersen RJ, Sarragiotto MH, Baldoqui DC (2020) Pumilacidins AE from sediment-derived bacterium Bacillus sp. 4040 an their antimicrobial activity evaluation. J Braz Chem Soc 31:357–363. https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20190188
Diehl DL, LaPara TM (2010) Effect of temperature on the fate of genes encoding tetracycline resistance and the integrase of class 1 integrons within anaerobic and aerobic digesters treating municipal wastewater solids. Environ Sci Technol 44:9128–9133. https://doi.org/10.1021/es102765a
Ding H, Wu Y, Zou B, Lou Q, Zhang W, Zhong J, Lu L, Dai G (2016) Simultaneous removal and degradation characteristics of sulfonamide, tetracycline, and quinolone antibiotics by laccase-mediated oxidation coupled with soil adsorption. J Hazard Mater 307:350–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.12.062
Escobar-Huerfano F, Gómez-Oliván LM, Luja-Mondragón M, SanJuan-Reyes N, Islas-Flores H, Hernández-Navarro MD (2020) Embryotoxic and teratogenic profile of tretracycline at environmentally relevant concentrations on Cyprinus carpio. Chemosphere 240:124969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124969
EU consolidated version of Commission Regulation No 37/2010 of December 2009 on Pharmacologically active substances and their classification regarding maximum residue limits in foodstuffs of animal origin.
Everage TJ, Boopathy R, Nathaniel R, LaFleur G, Doucet J (2014) A survey of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in a sewage treatment plant in Thibodaux, Louisiana, USA. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 95:2–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.05.028
Fan NS, Bai YH, Chen QQ, Shen YY, Huang BC, Jin RC (2020) Deciphering the toxic effects of antibiotics on denitrification: process performance, microbial community and antibiotic resistance genes. J Environ Manag 262:110375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110375
Founou LL, Founou RC, Essack SY (2016) Antibiotic resistance in the food chain: a developing country-perspective. Front Microbiol 7:1881. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01881
Francesco AD, Renzi M, Borel N, Marti H, Salvatore D (2020) Detection of tetracycline-resistance genes in European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) and crested porcupines (Hystrix cristata). J Wildl Dis 56:219–223. https://doi.org/10.7589/2019-03-068
Gao L, Shi Y, Li W, Liu J, Cai Y (2015) Occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in urban soil in Beijing and Shanghai, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:11360–11371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4230-3
Gao Q, Li Y, Qi Z, Yue Y, Min M, Peng S, Shi Z, Gao Y (2018) Diverse and abundant antibiotic resistance genes from mariculture sites of China’s coastline. Sci Total Environ 630:117–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.122
García J, García-Galán MJ, Day JW, Boopathy R, White JR, Wallace S, Hunter RG (2020) A review of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs), antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment: increasing removal with wetlands and reducing environmental impacts. Bioresour Technol 123228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123228
Ghaly TM, Geoghegan JL, Tetu SG, Gillings MR (2020) The peril and promise of integrons: beyond antibiotic resistance. Trends Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2019.12.002
Giger W, Alder AC, Golet EM, Kohler HPE, McArdell CS, Molnar E, Siegrist H, Suter MJF (2003) Occurrence and fate of antibiotics as trace contaminants in wastewaters, sewage sludges, and surface waters. CHIMIA Int J Chem 57(9):485–491. https://doi.org/10.2533/000942903777679064
Girardi C, Greve J, Lamshöft M, Fetzer I, Miltner A, Schäffer A, Kästner M (2011) Biodegradation of ciprofloxacin in water and soil and its effects on the microbial communities. J Hazard Mater 198:22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.004
Gogarten JP, Townsend JP (2005) Horizontal gene transfer, genome innovation and evolution. Nat Rev Microbiol 3:679–687. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1204
Grabert R, Boopathy R, Nathaniel R, LaFleur G (2018) Effect of tetracycline on ammonia and carbon removal by the facultative bacteria in the anaerobic digester of a sewage treatment plant. Bioresour Technol 267:265–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.061
Grenni P, Ancona V, Caracciolo AB (2018) Ecological effects of antibiotics on natural ecosystems: a review. Microchem J 136:25–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2017.02.006
Hamscher G, Sczesny S, Höper H, Nau H. Tierarzneimittel als persistente organische Kontaminanten von Böden. 10 Jahre BodenDauerbeobachtung in Niedersachsen, 2001, 10
Han XM, Hu HW, Chen QL, Yang LY, Li HL, Zhu YG, Li XZ, Ma YB (2018) Antibiotic resistance genes and associated bacterial communities in agricultural soils amended with different sources of animal manures. Soil Biol Biochem 126:91–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.08.018
He LY, Ying GG, Liu YS, Su HC, Chen J, Liu SS, Zhao JL (2016) Discharge of swine wastes risks water quality and food safety: antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from swine sources to the receiving environments. Environ Int 92–93:210–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.023
Heuer H, Schmitt H, Smalla K (2011) Antibiotic resistance gene spread due to manure application on agricultural fields. Curr Opin Microbiol 14:236–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2011.04.009
Hilaire SS, Bellows B, Brady JA, Muir JP (2020) Oxytetracycline and monensin uptake by Tifton 85 bermudagrass from dairy manure-applied soil. Agronomy 10:468. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040468
Ho YB, Zakaria MP, Latif PA, Saari N (2014) Occurrence of veterinary antibiotics and progesterone in broiler manure and agricultural soil in Malaysia. Sci Total Environ 488:261–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.109
Höper H, Kues J, Nau H, Hamscher G (2002) Eintrag und verbleib von tierarzneimittelwirkstoffen in Böden. Bodenschutz 4:141–148
Hu X, Zhou Q, Luo Y (2010) Occurrence and source analysis of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure, soil, vegetables and groundwater from organic vegetable bases, northern China. Environ Pollut 158:2992–2998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.05.023
Huang K, Tang J, Zhang XX, Xu K, Ren H (2014) A comprehensive insight into tetracycline resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in activated sludge using next-generation sequencing. Int J Mol Sci 15:10083–10100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms150610083
Hussain S, Naeem M, Chaudhry MN, Iqbal MA (2016) Accumulation of residual antibiotics in the vegetables irrigated by pharmaceutical wastewater. Expo Health 8:107–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-015-0186-2
Iacono M, Villa L, Fortini D, Bordoni R, Imperi F, Bonnal RJ, Sicheritz-Ponten T, De Bellis G, Visca P, Cassone A, Carattoli A (2008) Whole-genome pyrosequencing of an epidemic multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strain belonging to the European clone II group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:2616–2625. DOI: doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01643-07
Jin C, Chen Q, Sun R, Zhou Q, Liu J (2009) Eco-toxic effects of sulfadiazine sodium, sulfamonomethoxine sodium and enrofloxacin on wheat, Chinese cabbage and tomato. Ecotoxicology 18:878–885. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-009-0349-7
Jones AD, Bruland GL, Agrawal SG, Vasudevan D (2005) Factors influencing the sorption of oxytetracycline to soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:761–770. https://doi.org/10.1897/04-037R.1
Kang DH, Gupta S, Rosen C, Fritz V, Singh A, Chander Y, Murray H, Rohwer C (2013) Antibiotic uptake by vegetable crops from manure-applied soils. J Agric Food Chem 61:9992–10001. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf404045m
Kay P, Blackwell PA, Boxall AB (2004) Fate of veterinary antibiotics in a macroporous tile drained clay soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 23:1136–1144
Kay P, Blackwell PA, Boxall AB (2005a) Column studies to investigate the fate of veterinary antibiotics in clay soils following slurry application to agricultural land. Chemosphere 60:497–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.01.028
Kay P, Blackwell PA, Boxall AB (2005b) A lysimeter experiment to investigate the leaching of veterinary antibiotics through a clay soil and comparison with field data. Environ Pollut 134:333–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.07.021
Keeney KM, Yurist-Doutsch S, Arrieta MC, Finlay BB (2014) Effects of antibiotics on human microbiota and subsequent disease. Annu Rev Microbiol 68:217–235. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-091313-103456
Kim YS, Kim HM, Chang C, Hwang IC, Oh H, Ahn JS, Kim KD, Hwang BK, Kim BS (2007) Biological evaluation of neopeptins isolated from a Streptomyces strain. Pest Manage Sci 63:1208–1214. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1450
Kim JD, Kang JE, Kim BS (2020) Postharvest disease control efficacy of the polyene macrolide lucensomycin produced by Streptomyces plumbeus strain CA5 against gray mold on grapes. Postharvest Biol Technol 162:111115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2019.111115
Kimbell LK, Kappell AD, McNamara PJ (2018) Effect of pyrolysis on the removal of antibiotic resistance genes and class I integrons from municipal wastewater biosolids. Environ Sci Water Res Technol 4:1807–1818. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ew00141c
King DE, Malone R, Lilley SH (2000) New classification and update on the quinolone antibiotics. Am Fam Physician 61:2741–2748
Knapp CW, Dolfing J, Ehlert PA, Graham DW (2010) Evidence of increasing antibiotic resistance gene abundances in archived soils since 1940. Environ Sci Technol 44:580–587. https://doi.org/10.1021/es901221x
Koniuszewska I, Korzeniewska E, Harnisz M, Kiedrzyńska E, Kiedrzyński M, Czatzkowska M, Jarosiewicz P, Zalewski M (2020) The occurrence of antibiotic-resistance genes in the Pilica River, Poland. Ecohydrol Hydrobiol 20:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2019.09.002
Kovalakova P, Cizmas L, McDonald TJ, Marsalek B, Feng M, Sharma VK (2020) Occurrence and toxicity of antibiotics in the aquatic environment: a review. Chemosphere 126351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126351
Kulshrestha P, Giese RF, Aga DS (2004) Investigating the molecular interactions of oxytetracycline in clay and organic matter: insights on factors affecting its mobility in soil. Environ Sci Technol 38:4097–4105. https://doi.org/10.1021/es034856q
Kumar K, Gupta SC, Baidoo SK, Chander Y, Rosen CJ (2005) Antibiotic uptake by plants from soil fertilized with animal manure. J Environ Qual 34:2082–2085. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0026
Kumar M, Jaiswal S, Sodhi KK, Shree P, Singh DK, Agrawal PK, Shukla P (2019) Antibiotics bioremediation: perspectives on its ecotoxicity and resistance. Environ Int 124:448–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.065
Lei L (2019) A viral alternative to antibiotics. Nat Plants 6:4. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-019-0584-8
Li R, Zhang Y, Lee CC, Liu L, Huang Y (2011a) Hydrophilic interaction chromatography separation mechanisms of tetracyclines on amino-bonded silica column. J Separ Sci 34:1508–1516. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201100130
Li Z, Wu S, Bai X, Liu Y, Lu J, Liu Y, Xiao B, Lu X, Fan L (2011b) Genome sequence of the tobacco bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. J Bacteriol 193:6088–6089. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.06009-11
Li C, Chen J, Wang J, Ma Z, Han P, Luan Y, Lu A (2015) Occurrence of antibiotics in soils and manures from greenhouse vegetable production bases of Beijing, China and an associated risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 521:101–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.070
Li Y, Tang H, Hu Y, Wang X, Ai X, Tang L, Matthew C, Cavanagh J, Qiu J (2016) Enrofloxacin at environmentally relevant concentrations enhances uptake and toxicity of cadmium in the earthworm Eisenia fetida in farm soils. J Hazard Mater 308:312–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.057
Li S, Shi W, Liu W, Li H, Zhang W, Hu J, Ke Y, Sun W, Ni J (2018) A duodecennial national synthesis of antibiotics in China's major rivers and seas (2005–2016). Sci Total Environ 615:906–917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.328
Li S, Yao Q, Liu J, Wei D, Zhou B, Zhu P, Cui XA, Jin J, Liu X, Wang G (2020a) Profiles of antibiotic resistome with animal manure application in black soils of northeast China. J Hazard Mater 384:121216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121216
Li X, Zhu W, Meng G, Guo R, Wang Y (2020b) Phytoremediation of alkaline soils co-contaminated with cadmium and tetracycline antibiotics using the ornamental hyperaccumulators Mirabilis jalapa L. and Tagetes patula L. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:14175–14183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07975-2
Liang B, Ma J, Cai W, Li Z, Liu W, Qi M, Zhao Y, Ma X, Deng Y, Wang A, Zhou J (2019) Response of chloramphenicol-reducing biocathode resistome to continuous electrical stimulation. Water Res 148:398–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.073
Liang DH, Hu Y, Cheng J, Chen Y (2020a) Simultaneous sulfamethoxazole biodegradation and nitrogen conversion in low C/N ratio pharmaceutical wastewater by Achromobacter sp. JL9. Sci Total Environ 703:135586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135586
Liang J, Tang S, Gong J, Zeng G, Tang W, Song B, Zhang P, Yang Z, Luo Y (2020b) Responses of enzymatic activity and microbial communities to biochar/compost amendment in sulfamethoxazole polluted wetland soil. J Hazard Mater 385:121533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121533
Lin H, Sun W, Yu Q, Ma J (2020) Acidic conditions enhance the removal of sulfonamide antibiotics and antibiotic resistance determinants in swine manure. Environ Pollut:114439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114439
Liu L, Liu C, Zheng J, Huang X, Wang Z, Liu Y, Zhu G (2013) Elimination of veterinary antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from swine wastewater in the vertical flow constructed wetlands. Chemosphere 91(8):1088–1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.007
Liu Z, Klümper U, Liu Y, Yang Y, Wei Q, Lin JG, Gu JD, Li M (2019) Metagenomic and meta-transcriptomic analyses reveal activity and hosts of antibiotic resistance genes in activated sludge. Environ Int 129:208–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.036
Lorenzo FD, Palmigiano A, Silipo A, Desaki Y, Garozzo D, Lanzetta R, Shibuya N, Molinaro A (2016) The structure of the lipooligosaccharide from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae: the causal agent of the bacterial leaf blight in rice. Carbohydr Res 427:38–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2016.03.026
Lu XM, Lu PZ (2019) Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in soil amended using Azolla imbricata and its driving mechanisms. Sci Total Environ 692:422–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.285
Lu XM, Lu PZ (2020) Seasonal variations in antibiotic resistance genes in estuarine sediments and the driving mechanisms. J Hazard Mater 383:121164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121164
Lu J, Zhang Y, Wu J, Wang J, Zhang C, Lin Y (2019) Occurrence and spatial distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea areas, China. Environ Pollut 252:450–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.143
Lu XM, Lu PZ, Liu XP (2020a) Fate and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes on microplastics in facility vegetable soil. Sci Total Environ 709:136276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136276
Lu Y, Xiao Y, Zheng G, Lu J, Zhou L (2020b) Conditioning with zero-valent iron or Fe2+ activated peroxydisulfate at an acidic initial sludge pH removed intracellular antibiotic resistance genes but increased extracellular antibiotic resistance genes in sewage sludge. J Hazard Mater 386:121982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121982
Ma Y, Wilson CA, Novak JT, Riffat R, Aynur S, Murthy S, Pruden A (2011) Effect of various sludge digestion conditions on sulfonamide, macrolide, and tetracycline resistance genes and class I integrons. Environ Sci Technol 45:7855–7861. https://doi.org/10.1021/es200827t
Maarouf M, Lawrence F, Brown S, Robert-Gero M (1997) Biochemical alterations in paromomycin-treated Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Parasitol Res 83:198–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004360050232
Manasfi R, Chiron S, Montemurro N, Perez S, Brienza M (2020) Biodegradation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics and the climbazole fungicide by Trichoderma species. Environ Sci Pollut Res:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08442-8
Manson JM, Hancock LE, Gilmore MS (2010) Mechanism of chromosomal transfer of Enterococcus faecalis pathogenicity island, capsule, antimicrobial resistance, and other traits. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107:12269–12274. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000139107
Moreno AB, del Pozo ÁM, Borja M, Segundo BS (2003) Activity of the antifungal protein from Aspergillus giganteus against Botrytis cinerea. Phytopathology 93:1344–1353. DOI: doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.11.1344
Muhammad J, Khan S, Su JQ, Hesham AEL, Ditta A, Nawab J, Ali A (2020) Antibiotics in poultry manure and their associated health issues: a systematic review. J Soil Sediments 20:486–497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02360-0
Muhialdin BJ, Algboory HL, Kadum H, Mohammed NK, Saari N, Hassan Z, Hussin ASM (2020) Antifungal activity determination for the peptides generated by Lactobacillus plantarum TE10 against Aspergillus flavus in maize seeds. Food Control 109:106898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106898
Naruse N, Tenmyo O, Kobaru S, Kamei H, Miyaki T, Konishi M, Oki T (1990) Pumilacidin, a complex of new antiviral antibiotics. J Antibiot 43:267–280. https://doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.43.267
Neher TP, Ma L, Moorman TB, Howe AC, Soupir ML (2020) Catchment-scale export of antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria from an agricultural watershed in central Iowa. PLoS One 15:e0227136. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227136
Ngigi AN, Magu MM, Muendo BM (2020) Occurrence of antibiotics residues in hospital wastewater, wastewater treatment plant, and in surface water in Nairobi County, Kenya. Environ Monit Assess 192:18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7952-8
O'neill J (2014) Review on antimicrobial resistance: tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, London. https://amrreview.org/Publications.html
O'Rourke A, Beyhan S, Choi Y, Morales P, Chan AP, Espinoza JL, Dupont CL, Meyer KJ, Spoering A, Lewis K, Nierman WC (2020) Mechanism-of-action classification of antibiotics by global transcriptome profiling. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01207-19
Paiva MC, Reis MP, Costa PS, Dias MF, Bleicher L, Scholte LL, Nardi RM, Nascimento AM (2017) Identification of new bacteria harboring qnrS and aac (6′)-Ib/cr and mutations possibly involved in fluoroquinolone resistance in raw sewage and activated sludge samples from a full-scale WWTP. Water Res 110:27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.056
Pan M, Chu LM (2016) Adsorption and degradation of five selected antibiotics in agricultural soil. Sci Total Environ 545:48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.040
Pan M, Chu LM (2017a) Fate of antibiotics in soil and their uptake by edible crops. Sci Total Environ 599:500–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.214
Pan M, Chu LM (2017b) Leaching behavior of veterinary antibiotics in animal manure-applied soils. Sci Total Environ 579:466–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.072
Pan M, Wong CK, Chu LM (2014) Distribution of antibiotics in wastewater-irrigated soils and their accumulation in vegetable crops in the Pearl River Delta, southern China. J Agric Food Chem 62:11062–11069. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf503850v
Panja S, Sarkar D, Datta R (2020) Removal of antibiotics and nutrients by vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) from secondary wastewater effluent. Int J Phytoremediation:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2019.1710813
Pärnänen K, Karkman A, Tamminen M, Lyra C, Hultman J, Paulin L, Virta M (2016) Evaluating the mobility potential of antibiotic resistance genes in environmental resistomes without metagenomics. Sci Rep 6:35790. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep35790
Picó Y, Andreu V (2007) Fluoroquinolones in soil-risks and challenges. Anal Bioanal Chem 387:1287–1299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0843-1
Pitta DW, Dou Z, Kumar S, Indugu N, Toth JD, Vecchiarelli B, Bhukya B (2016) Metagenomic evidence of the prevalence and distribution patterns of antimicrobial resistance genes in dairy agro-ecosystem s. Foodborne Pathog Dis 13:296–302. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2015.2092
Pu Q, Zhao LX, Li YT, Su JQ (2020) Manure fertilization increase antibiotic resistance in soils from typical greenhouse vegetable production bases, China. J Hazard Mater 391:122267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122267
Pulingam T, Thong KL, Appaturi JN, Nordin NI, Dinshaw IJ, Lai CW, Leo BF (2020) Synergistic antibacterial actions of graphene oxide and antibiotics towards bacteria and the toxicological effects of graphene oxide on human epidermal keratinocytes. Eur J Pharm Sci 142:105087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105087
Qiao M, Ying GG, Singer AC, Zhu YG (2018) Review of antibiotic resistance in China and its environment. Environ Int 110:160–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.10.016
Rabølle M, Spliid NH (2000) Sorption and mobility of metronidazole, olaquindox, oxytetracycline and tylosin in soil. Chemosphere 40:715–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00442-7
Ramı́rez A, Gutiérrez R, Dı́az G, González C, Pérez N, Vega S, Noa M (2003) High-performance thin-layer chromatography–bioautography for multiple antibiotic residues in cow’s milk. J Chromatogr B 784:315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1570-0232(02)00819-X
Rao J, Liu L, Zeng D, Wang M, Xiang M, Yang S (2020) Antibiotic activities of propanolamine containing 1, 4-benzoxazin-3-ones against phytopathogenic bacteria. RSC Adv 10:682–688. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA09639F
Ray RS, Mehrotra S, Shankar U, Babu GS, Joshi PC, Hans RK (2001) Evaluation of UV-induced superoxide radical generation potential of some common antibiotics. Drug Chem Toxicol 24:191–200. https://doi.org/10.1081/dct-100102610
Reis AC, Kolvenbach BA, Nunes OC, Corvini PF (2020) Biodegradation of antibiotics: the new resistance determinants – part I. New Biotechnol 54:34–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2019.08.002
Rizzo L, Manaia C, Merlin C, Schwartz T, Dagot C, Ploy MC, Michael I, Fatta-Kassinos D (2013) Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment: a review. Sci Total Environ 447:345–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.032
Roberts MC (2005) Update on acquired tetracycline resistance genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 245:195–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.02.034
Romanowski G, Lorenz MG, Wackernagel W (1993) Plasmid DNA in a groundwater aquifer microcosm-adsorption, DNAase resistance and natural genetic transformation of Bacillus subtilis. Mol Ecol 2:171–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00106.x
Salehi Z, Fatahi N, Izadi A, Taran M, Badali H, Hashemi SJ, Rezaie S, Daie R, Bara A, Ghaffari M, Aala F (2020) Comparison of in vitro antifungal activity of novel triazoles with old antifungal agents against dermatophyte species caused Tinea pedis. J Mycol Méd:100935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.100935
Salyers AA, Gupta A, Wang Y (2004) Human intestinal bacteria as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes. Trends Microbiol 12:412–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.004
Sarmah AK, Meyer MT, Boxall AB (2006) A global perspective on the use, sales, exposure pathways, occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in the environment. Chemosphere 65:725–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.026
Scarano C, Spanu C, Ziino G, Pedonese F, Dalmasso A, Spanu V, Virdis S, De Santis EP (2014) Antibiotic resistance of Vibrio species isolated from Sparus aurata reared in Italian mariculture. New Microbiol 37:329–337
Schmieder R, Edwards R (2012) Insights into antibiotic resistance through metagenomic approaches. Future Microbiol 7(1):73–89. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.11.135
Schüller S (1998) Anwendung antibiotisch wirksamer Substanzen beim Tier und Beurteilung der Umweltsicherheit entsprechender Produkte. 3. Statuskolloquium ökotoxikologischer Forschungen in der Euregio Bodensee
Selvam A, Wong JWC (2017) Chapter 12: Degradation of antibiotics in livestock manure during composting. In: JWC W, Tyagi RD, Pandey A (eds) Current developments in biotechnology and bioengineering: solid waste management. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63664-5.00012-5
Sengeløv G, Agersø Y, Halling-Sørensen B, Baloda SB, Andersen JS, Jensen LB (2003) Bacterial antibiotic resistance levels in Danish farmland as a result of treatment with pig manure slurry. Environ Int 28:587–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00084-3
Shen DS, Tao XQ, Shentu JL, Wang MZ (2014) Residues of veterinary antibiotics in pig feeds and manures in Zhejiang Province. Adv Mater Res 1010-1012:301–304. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1010-1012.301
Sodhi KK, Kumar M, Singh DK (2020) Potential application in amoxicillin removal of Alcaligenes sp. MMA and enzymatic studies through molecular docking. Arch Microbiol:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-020-01868-1
Stalder T, Barraud O, Casellas M, Dagot C, Ploy MC (2012) Integron involvement in environmental spread of antibiotic resistance. Front Microbiol 3:119. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00119
Stockwell VO, Duffy B (2012) Use of antibiotics in plant agriculture. Rev Sci Tech OIE 31(1). https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.31.1.2104
Sun J, Li N, Yang P, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Lu X, Zhang H (2020) Simultaneous antibiotic degradation, nitrogen removal and power generation in a microalgae-bacteria powered biofuel cell designed for aquaculture wastewater treatment and energy recovery. Int J Hydrogen Energ 45:10871–10881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.02.029
Tahrani L, Van Loco J, Ben Mansour H, Reyns T (2016) Occurrence of antibiotics in pharmaceutical industrial wastewater, wastewater treatment plant and sea waters in Tunisia. J Water Health 14:208–213. DOI: doi:https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.224
Tang X, Lou C, Wang S, Lu Y, Liu M, Hashmi MZ, Liang X, Li Z, Liao Y, Qin W, Fan F (2015) Effects of long-term manure applications on the occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in paddy soils: evidence from four field experiments in south of China. Soil Biol Biochem 90:179–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.07.027
Tasho RP, Cho JY (2016) Veterinary antibiotics in animal waste, its distribution in soil and uptake by plants: a review. Sci Total Environ 563:366–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.140
Thiele-Bruhn S (2003) Pharmaceutical antibiotic compounds in soils – a review. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 166:145–167. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200390023
Thiele-Bruhn S, Seibicke T, Schulten HR, Leinweber P (2004) Sorption of sulfonamide pharmaceutical antibiotics on whole soils and particle-size fractions. J Environ Qual 33:1331–1342. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.1331
Tian Q, Dou X, Huang L, Wang L, Meng D, Zhai L, Shen Y, You C, Guan Z, Liao X (2020) Characterization of a robust cold-adapted and thermostable laccase from Pycnoporus sp. SYBC-L10 with a strong ability for the degradation of tetracycline and oxytetracycline by laccase-mediated oxidation. J Hazard Mater 382:121084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121084
Timmerer U, Lehmann L, Schnug E, Bloem E (2020) Toxic effects of single antibiotics and antibiotics in combination on germination and growth of Sinapis alba L. Plan Theory 9:107. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010107
Tóth L, Boros É, Poór P, Ördög A, Kele Z, Váradi G, Holzknecht J, Bratschun-Khan D, Nagy I, Tóth GK, Rákhely G (2020) The potential use of the Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein PAF, the designed variant PAFopt and its γ-core peptide Pγopt in plant protection. Microb Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13559
Uddin M, Chen J, Qiao X, Tian R, Zhu M (2020) Insight into dynamics and bioavailability of antibiotics in paddy soils by in situ soil moisture sampler. Sci Total Environ 703:135562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135562
Wang Z, Zhang XX, Huang K, Miao Y, Shi P, Liu B, Long C, Li A (2013) Metagenomic profiling of antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in a tannery wastewater treatment plant. PLoS One 8:10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076079
Wang B, Yan J, Li G, Zhang J, Zhang L, Li Z, Chen H (2020a) Risk of penicillin fermentation dreg: increase of antibiotic resistance genes after soil discharge. Environ Pollut 113956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113956
Wang M, Liu H, Dai X (2020b) Dosage effects of lincomycin mycelial residues on lincomycin resistance genes and soil microbial communities. Environ Pollut 256:113392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113392
Wang Q, Duan YJ, Wang SP, Wang LT, Hou ZL, Cui YX, Hou J, Das R, Mao DQ, Luo Y (2020c) Occurrence and distribution of clinical and veterinary antibiotics in the faeces of a Chinese population. J Hazard Mater 383:121129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121129
Whittle G, Shoemaker NB, Salyers AA (2002) The role of Bacteroides conjugative transposons in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. Cell Mol Life Sci 59:2044–2054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s000180200004
Williams-Nguyen J, Sallach JB, Bartelt-Hunt S, Boxall AB, Durso LM, McLain JE, Singer RS, Snow DD, Zilles JL (2016) Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in agro-ecosystems: state of the science. J Environ Qual 45:394–406. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.07.0336
Willms IM, Yuan J, Penone C, Goldmann K, Vogt J, Wubet T, Schöning I, Schrumpf M, Buscot F, Nacke H (2020) Distribution of medically relevant antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in soils of temperate forests and grasslands varying in land use. Genes 11:150. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11020150
Winckler C, Grafe A (2000) Stoffeintrag Durch Tierarzneimittel und Pharmakologisch Wirksame Fuutterzusatzstoffe unter Besonderer Berücksichtigung von Tetrazyklinen. Berlin: UBA-Texte 44/00, 145
Xu Z, Zhang Q, Fang HH (2003) Applications of porous resin sorbents in industrial wastewater treatment and resource recovery. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 33:363–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380390249512
Xu L, Zhou Z, Zhu L, Han Y, Lin Z, Feng W, Liu Y, Shuai X, Chen H (2020) Antibiotic resistance genes and microcystins in a drinking water treatment plant. Environ Pollut 258:113718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113718
Yan Y, Pengmao Y, Xu X, Zhang L, Wang G, Jin Q, Chen L (2020) Migration of antibiotic ciprofloxacin during phytoremediation of contaminated water and identification of transformation products. Aquat Toxicol 219:105374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105374
Yang JF, Ying GG, Liu S, Zhou LJ, Zhao JL, Tao R, Peng PA (2012) Biological degradation and microbial function effect of norfloxacin in a soil under different conditions. J Environ Sci Health Part B 47:288–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2012.638886
Yang Y, Owino AA, Gao Y, Yan X, Xu C, Wang J (2016) Occurrence, composition and risk assessment of antibiotics in soils from Kenya, Africa. Ecotoxicology 25:1194–1201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-016-1673-3
Yuan QB, Guo MT, Yang J (2015) Fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes during wastewater chlorination: implication for antibiotic resistance control. PLoS One 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119403
Yuan W, Tian T, Yang Q, Riaz L (2020) Transfer potentials of antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia spp. strains from different sources. Chemosphere 246:125736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125736
Zarei-Baygi A, Harb M, Wang P, Stadler LB, Smith AL (2019) Evaluating antibiotic resistance gene correlations with antibiotic exposure conditions in anaerobic membrane bioreactors. Environ Sci Technol 53:3599–3609. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b00798
Zhang H, Liu P, Feng Y, Yang F (2013) Fate of antibiotics during wastewater treatment and antibiotic distribution in the effluent-receiving waters of the yellow sea, northern China. Marine Pollut Bull 73:282–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.007
Zhang Y, Li A, Dai T, Li F, Xie H, Chen L, Wen D (2018) Cell-free DNA: a neglected source for antibiotic resistance genes spreading from WWTPs. Environ Sci Technol 52:248–257. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04283
Zhang YJ, Hu HW, Chen Q, Singh BK, Yan H, Chen D, He JZ (2019) Transfer of antibiotic resistance from manure-amended soils to vegetable microbiomes. Environ Int 130:104912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.104912
Zhang D, Lu Y, Chen H, Wu C, Zhang H, Chen L, Chen X (2020a) Antifungal peptides produced by actinomycetes and their biological activities against plant diseases. J Antibiot:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41429-020-0287-4
Zhang H, Chen S, Zhang Q, Long Z, Yu Y, Fang H (2020b) Fungicides enhanced the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in greenhouse soil. Environ Pollut:113877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113877
Zhang J, Buhe C, Yu D, Zhong H, Wei Y (2020c) Ammonia stress reduces antibiotic efflux but enriches horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in anaerobic digestion. Bioresour Technol 295:122191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122191
Zhang K, Xin R, Zhao Z, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Niu Z (2020d) Antibiotic resistance genes in drinking water of China: occurrence, distribution and influencing factors. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 188:109837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109837
Zhao F, Chen L, Yang L, Sun L, Li S, Li M, Feng Q (2020) Effects of land use and rainfall on sequestration of veterinary antibiotics in soils at the hillslope scale. Environ Pollut 260:114112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114112
Zhu D, Giles M, Daniell T, Neilson R, Yang XR (2020a) Does reduced usage of antibiotics in livestock production mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance in soil, earthworm guts, and the phyllosphere? Environ Int 136:105359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105359
Zhu Y, Miao J, Wen H, Li T, Zhao Z, Guo X, Li H, Zhang G (2020b) The occurrence and spatial distribution of typical antibiotics in soils along the Fenhe River in Shanxi Province. J Soils Sediments 20:889–899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02402-7
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Singh, V.K., Singh, R., Kumar, A., Bhadouria, R., Singh, P., Notarte, K.I. (2021). Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Agroecosystems as Emerging Contaminants. In: Kumar Singh, V., Singh, R., Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 50. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol 50. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63249-6_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63249-6_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-63248-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-63249-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)