Abstract
Throughout Southeast Asia, over the centuries the original traditional local astronomical knowledge has been subjected to varying degrees of Chinese, Indian, Islamic and Western influences. In this chapter we will overview the astronomical traditions in Mainland Southeast Asia and island Southeast Asia, and identify their foreign elements. Vietnamese astronomy was largely influenced by Chinese astronomy. Other areas of Mainland Southeast Asia were influenced by Chinese and Indian astronomy, and the Indian influence was sometimes substantial. Island Southeast Asia was influenced mainly by Indian astronomy and Islamic astronomy. As Southeast Asian astronomy has its special features, it is necessary to compare it carefully with foreign astronomy, and we shall see that there are various examples of what we refer to as ‘multiplex astronomy’.
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Notes
- 1.
In this section the term BP refers to ‘before the present’, where ‘present’ by international definition is the year 1950. Geological time, for the period we discuss in this Sub-Section, is covered by two epochs, the Pleistocene (from 2.58 million years BP to 11,700 BP) and the Holocene (from 11,700 BP to the present day). The Pleistocene has Early, Middle and Late stages, with the Late Pleistocene from 126,000 to 11,700 BP (Gibbard et al., 2010). Sometimes it is convenient to express these dates as 126 kyr BP and 11.7 kyr BP, while the Pleistocene began at 2.58 myr BP. The Pleistocene was characterized by continuous glacial and interglacial phases, but only the Late Pleistocene is relevant here, and most of our discussion in this Sub-Section will focus on the Holocene.
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Unfortunately, Dr Yukio Ôhashi died suddenly on 31 October 2019, so this chapter combines his original manuscript and additional material provided by Wayne Orchiston. The editors of this book felt it essential that Yukio’s chapter be included in the book, in order to round out the discussion and close off the book. But there were legal issues, and the only way we could address these was by adding a co-author and substantially expanding Yukio’s original manuscript. To indicate authorship, the following code is used after each heading: (YÔ) = prepared by Yukio Ôhashi; (WO) = prepared by Wayne Orchiston; and (YÔ and WO) = prepared by both authors.
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Ôhashi, Y., Orchiston, W. (2021). The Evolution of Local Southeast Asian Astronomy and the Influence of China, India, the Islamic World and the West. In: Orchiston, W., Vahia, M.N. (eds) Exploring the History of Southeast Asian Astronomy. Historical & Cultural Astronomy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62777-5_24
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