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Normal Findings with Different Radiopharmaceuticals, Techniques, Variants, and Pitfalls

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Radionuclide Imaging of Infection and Inflammation

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Abstract

Many radiopharmaceuticals for imaging inflammation/infection are available. Knowledge of the pharmacokinetics, normal patterns, variants, interactions, and pittfalls of these imaging agents is fundamental for a correct interpretation of imaging in the clinical routine. Standardization of the procedures (patient selection, radiopharmaceutical preparation, acquisition timing, image processing) and adequate quality control of the equipment allow optimal diagnostic imaging and better assessment of the disease. Well-established imaging agents (such as 99mTc-diphosphonate, 111In-oxine-leukocytes, 99mTc-HMPAO-leukocytes, 67Ga-citrate, 99mTc-albumin nanocolloids, [18F]FDG) and novel agents (such as [18F]FDG-labeled leukocytes, 68Ga-citrate, 124I-Fiualuridine) are described and discussed. This chapter also describes indications, diagnostic performance, interpretation, and clinical impact, as well as the possibility of variants and pitfalls.

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Acknowledgments

All editors have contributed to the preparation of this chapter. We are particularly grateful to Dr. Elena Lazzeri (Pisa, Italy), Dr. Napoleone Prandini (Modena, Italy), and Martina Sollini (formerly in Pisa, and currently in Milan, Italy) for providing images that have been included in this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nuclear Medicine, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy

    Annibale Versari

  2. Nuclear Medicine, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy

    Massimiliano Casali

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  1. Annibale Versari
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  2. Massimiliano Casali
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Correspondence to Annibale Versari .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Elena Lazzeri

  2. Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy

    Alberto Signore

  3. Department of Translational Research and Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Paola Anna Erba

  4. Nuclear Medicine Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy

    Napoleone Prandini

  5. Nuclear Medicine, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy

    Annibale Versari

  6. Nuclear Medicine Department, Private Hospital “PIO XI”, Roma, Italy

    Giovanni D´Errico

  7. Department of Translational Research and Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Giuliano Mariani

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Versari, A., Casali, M. (2021). Normal Findings with Different Radiopharmaceuticals, Techniques, Variants, and Pitfalls. In: Lazzeri, E., et al. Radionuclide Imaging of Infection and Inflammation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62175-9_1

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