Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Guidelines for the Use of Parkinsonian Drugs (in USA)

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy

Abstract

Levodopa is the most effective drug for treating the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. It is usually combined with a dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor to extend its half-life increasing levodopa availability to the brain. In patients who are younger and present with milder symptoms, medications such as dopamine agonists, catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors, or monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor may be used initially. This can delay the onset of levodopa-related complications, including motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. A number of approaches can be used to improve motor fluctuations including modification of the levodopa preparations, improvement in delivery of levodopa, and addition of adjunctive medications. Options for adjunct treatment include dopamine agonist, catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor, MAO-B inhibitor, or adenosine A2A antagonist drugs. Some patients respond well to continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion. Anticholinergic drugs are most useful as monotherapy in younger patients with predominantly disturbing tremor. Amantadine is mainly used for reducing the severity of dyskinesia. Currently, no neuroprotective drug has been proven to delay the progression of Parkinson’s disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 949.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 1,399.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abadie D, Rousseau V, Logerot S, Cottin J, Montastruc JL, Montastruc F. Serotonin Syndrome: Analysis of Cases Registered in the French Pharmacovigilance Database. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;35:382–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antonini A, Barone P, Ceravolo R, Fabbrini G, Tinazzi M, Abbruzzese G. Role of pramipexole in the management of Parkinson’s disease. CNS Drugs. 2010;24:829–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair HA, Dhillon S. Safinamide: a review in Parkinson’s disease. CNS Drugs. 2017;31:169–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borgohain R, Szasz J, Stanzione P, Meshram C, Bhatt MH, Chirilineau D, Stocchi F, Lucini V, Giuliani R, Forrest E, Rice P, Anand R. Two-year, randomized, controlled study of safinamide as add-on to levodopa in mid to late Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2014;29:1273–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brocks DR. Anticholinergic drugs used in Parkinson’s disease: an overlooked class of drugs from a pharmacokinetic perspective. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 1999;2:39–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cattaneo C, Sardina M, Bonizzoni E. Safinamide as add-on therapy to levodopa in mid- to late-stage Parkinson’s disease fluctuating patients: post hoc analyses of studies 016 and SETTLE. J Parkinsons Dis. 2016;6:165–73.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Connolly BS, Lang AE. Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson disease: a review. JAMA. 2014;311:1670–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Constantinescu R. Update on the use of pramipexole in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2008;4:337–52.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deleu D, Hanssens Y, Northway MG. Subcutaneous apomorphine: an evidence-based review of its use in Parkinson’s disease. Drugs Aging. 2004;21:687–709.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dewey RB Jr, Hutton JT, Lewitt PA, Factor SA. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of subcutaneously injected apomorphine for parkinsonian off-state events. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:1385–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dezsi L, Vecsei L. Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors in Parkinson’s disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2017;16:425–39.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fabbri M, Ferreira JJ, Lees A, Stocchi F, Poewe W, Tolosa E, Rascol O. Opicapone for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: a review of a new licensed medicine. Mov Disord. 2018;33:1528–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fahn S, Oakes D, Shoulson I, Kieburtz K, Rudolph A, Lang A, Olanow CW, Tanner C, Marek K. Levodopa and the progression of Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2498–508.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fehling C. The effect of adding amantadine to optimum L-dopa dosage in Parkinson’s syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand. 1973;49:245–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez HH, Odin P. Levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel for treatment of advanced Parkinson’s disease. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27:907–19.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez HH, Vanagunas A, Odin P, Espay AJ, Hauser RA, Standaert DG, Chatamra K, Benesh J, Pritchett Y, Hass SL, Lenz RA. Levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel in advanced Parkinson’s disease open-label study: interim results. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19:339–45.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira JJ, Lees A, Rocha JF, Poewe W, Rascol O, Soares-Da-Silva P, Bi-Park I. Opicapone as an adjunct to levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease and end-of-dose motor fluctuations: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15:154–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Lim SY, Barton B, De Bie RMA, Seppi K, Coelho M, Sampaio C. International Parkinson and movement disorder society evidence-based medicine review: update on treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2018;33(8):1248–1266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankel JP, Lees AJ, Kempster PA, Stern GM. Subcutaneous apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53:96–101.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golbe LI, Lieberman AN, Muenter MD, Ahlskog JE, Gopinathan G, Neophytides AN, Foo SH, Duvoisin RC. Deprenyl in the treatment of symptom fluctuations in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1988;11:45–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grall-Bronnec M, Victorri-Vigneau C, Donnio Y, Leboucher J, Rousselet M, Thiabaud E, Zreika N, Derkinderen P, Challet-Bouju G. Dopamine agonists and impulse control disorders: a complex association. Drug Saf. 2018;41:19–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser RA, Ellenbogen AL, Metman LV, Hsu A, O’Connell MJ, Modi NB, Yao HM, Kell SH, Gupta SK. Crossover comparison of IPX066 and a standard levodopa formulation in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2011;26:2246–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser RA, Hsu A, Kell S, Espay AJ, Sethi K, Stacy M, Ondo W, O’Connell M, Gupta S. Extended-release carbidopa-levodopa (IPX066) compared with immediate-release carbidopa-levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease and motor fluctuations: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:346–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hristova AH, Koller WC. Early Parkinson’s disease: what is the best approach to treatment. Drugs Aging. 2000;17:165–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenner P. An overview of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists in Parkinson’s disease. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2014;119:71–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenner P, Katzenschlager R. Apomorphine - pharmacological properties and clinical trials in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016;33(Suppl 1):S13–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenner P, Mori A, Hauser R, Morelli M, Fredholm BB, Chen JF. Adenosine, adenosine A2A antagonists, and Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15:406–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katzenschlager R, Sampaio C, Costa J, Lees A. Anticholinergics for symptomatic management of Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003. Cd003735. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003735.

  • Katzenschlager R, Poewe W, Rascol O, Trenkwalder C, Deuschl G, Chaudhuri KR, Henriksen T, Van Laar T, Spivey K, Vel S, Staines H, Lees A. Apomorphine subcutaneous infusion in patients with Parkinson’s disease with persistent motor fluctuations (TOLEDO): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17:749–59.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lang AE. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease with agents other than levodopa and dopamine agonists: controversies and new approaches. Can J Neurol Sci. 1984;11:210–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewitt PA. Levodopa for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2468–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewitt PA, Lyons KE, Pahwa R. Advanced Parkinson disease treated with rotigotine transdermal system: PREFER Study. Neurology. 2007;68:1262–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mccormack PL. Rasagiline: a review of its use in the treatment of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. CNS Drugs. 2014;28:1083–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyasaki JM, Martin W, Suchowersky O, Weiner WJ, Lang AE. Practice parameter: initiation of treatment for Parkinson’s disease: an evidence-based review: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2002;58:11–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuno Y, Yamamoto M, Kuno S, Hasegawa K, Hattori N, Kagimura T, Sarashina A, Rascol O, Schapira AH, Barone P, Hauser RA, Poewe W. Efficacy and safety of extended- versus immediate-release pramipexole in Japanese patients with advanced and L-dopa-undertreated Parkinson disease: a double-blind, randomized trial. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2012;35:174–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuno Y, Nomoto M, Hasegawa K, Hattori N, Kondo T, Murata M, Takeuchi M, Takahashi M, Tomida T. Rotigotine vs ropinirole in advanced stage Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20:1388–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moresco RM, Volonte MA, Messa C, Gobbo C, Galli L, Carpinelli A, Rizzo G, Panzacchi A, Franceschi M, Fazio F. New perspectives on neurochemical effects of amantadine in the brain of parkinsonian patients: a PET - [(11)C]raclopride study. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2002;109:1265–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Najib J. Entacapone: a catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor for the adjunctive treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Clin Ther. 2001;23:802–32; discussion 771

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Napolitano A, Del Dotto P, Petrozzi L, Dell’Agnello G, Bellini G, Gambaccini G, Bonuccelli U. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of L-Dopa after acute and 6-week tolcapone administration in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1999;22:24–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nashatizadeh MM, Lyons KE, Pahwa R. A review of ropinirole prolonged release in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Interv Aging. 2009;4:179–86.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nutt JG, Holford NH. The response to levodopa in Parkinson’s disease: imposing pharmacological law and order. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:561–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nyholm D. Enteral levodopa/carbidopa gel infusion for the treatment of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother. 2006;6:1403–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nyholm D, Stepien V. Levodopa fractionation in Parkinson’s disease. J Parkinsons Dis. 2014;4:89–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obeso JA, Rodriguez-Oroz M, Marin C, Alonso F, Zamarbide I, Lanciego JL, Rodriguez-Diaz M. The origin of motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease: importance of dopaminergic innervation and basal ganglia circuits. Neurology. 2004;62:S17–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oertel W, Eggert K, Pahwa R, Tanner CM, Hauser RA, Trenkwalder C, Ehret R, Azulay JP, Isaacson S, Felt L, Stempien MJ. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of ADS-5102 (amantadine) extended-release capsules for levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease (EASE LID 3). Mov Disord. 2017;32:1701–9.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olanow CW, Watts RL, Koller WC. An algorithm (decision tree) for the management of Parkinson’s disease (2001): treatment guidelines. Neurology. 2001;56:S1–S88.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olanow CW, Stern MB, Sethi K. The scientific and clinical basis for the treatment of Parkinson disease (2009). Neurology. 2009;72:S1–136.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olanow CW, Kieburtz K, Odin P, Espay AJ, Standaert DG, Fernandez HH, Vanagunas A, Othman AA, Widnell KL, Robieson WZ, Pritchett Y, Chatamra K, Benesh J, Lenz RA, Antonini A. Continuous intrajejunal infusion of levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel for patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease: a randomised, controlled, double-blind, double-dummy study. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:141–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ory-Magne F, Corvol JC, Azulay JP, Bonnet AM, Brefel-Courbon C, Damier P, Dellapina E, Destee A, Durif F, Galitzky M, Lebouvier T, Meissner W, Thalamas C, Tison F, Salis A, Sommet A, Viallet F, Vidailhet M, Rascol O. Withdrawing amantadine in dyskinetic patients with Parkinson disease: the AMANDYSK trial. Neurology. 2014;82:300–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pahwa R, Factor SA, Lyons KE, Ondo WG, Gronseth G, Bronte-Stewart H, Hallett M, Miyasaki J, Stevens J, Weiner WJ. Practice Parameter: treatment of Parkinson disease with motor fluctuations and dyskinesia (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006;66:983–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pahwa R, Stacy MA, Factor SA, Lyons KE, Stocchi F, Hersh BP, Elmer LW, Truong DD, Earl NL. Ropinirole 24-hour prolonged release: randomized, controlled study in advanced Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2007;68:1108–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pahwa R, Tanner CM, Hauser RA, Isaacson SH, Nausieda PA, Truong DD, Agarwal P, Hull KL, Lyons KE, Johnson R, Stempien MJ. ADS-5102 (amantadine) extended-release capsules for levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson disease (EASE LID study): a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74:941–9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paik J, Keam SJ. Amantadine extended-release (GOCOVRI()): a review in levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease. CNS Drugs. 2018;32:797–806.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson Study Group. Pramipexole vs levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. Parkinson Study Group. JAMA. 2000;284:1931–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson Study Group. A controlled, randomized, delayed-start study of rasagiline in early Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2004;61:561–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson Study Group. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of rasagiline in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations: the PRESTO study. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:241–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piercey MF. Pharmacology of pramipexole, a dopamine D3-preferring agonist useful in treating Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1998;21:141–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poewe WH, Deuschl G, Gordin A, Kultalahti ER, Leinonen M. Efficacy and safety of entacapone in Parkinson’s disease patients with suboptimal levodopa response: a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study in Germany and Austria (Celomen study). Acta Neurol Scand. 2002;105:245–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poewe WH, Rascol O, Quinn N, Tolosa E, Oertel WH, Martignoni E, Rupp M, Boroojerdi B. Efficacy of pramipexole and transdermal rotigotine in advanced Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind, double-dummy, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:513–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Postma JU, Van Tilburg W. Visual hallucinations and delirium during treatment with amantadine (Symmetrel). J Am Geriatr Soc. 1975;23:212–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez-Zamora A, Molho E. Treatment of motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease: recent developments and future directions. Expert Rev Neurother. 2014;14:93–103.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rascol O, Brooks DJ, Melamed E, Oertel W, Poewe W, Stocchi F, Tolosa E. Rasagiline as an adjunct to levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease and motor fluctuations (LARGO, Lasting effect in Adjunct therapy with Rasagiline Given Once daily, study): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Lancet. 2005;365:947–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rascol O, Barone P, Behari M, Emre M, Giladi N, Olanow CW, Ruzicka E, Bibbiani F, Squillacote D, Patten A, Tolosa E. Perampanel in Parkinson disease fluctuations: a double-blind randomized trial with placebo and entacapone. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2012;35:15–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rascol O, Hauser RA, Stocchi F, Fitzer-Attas CJ, Sidi Y, Abler V, Olanow CW, AFU Investigators. Long-term effects of rasagiline and the natural history of treated Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2016;31:1489–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riederer P, Laux G. MAO-inhibitors in Parkinson’s disease. Exp Neurobiol. 2011;20:1–17.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rizek P, Kumar N, JOG MS. An update on the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease. CMAJ. 2016;188:1157–65.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salat D, Tolosa E. Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: current status and new developments. J Parkinsons Dis. 2013;3:255–69.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samanta J, Hauser RA. Duodenal levodopa infusion for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007;8:657–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sawada H, Oeda T, Kuno S, Nomoto M, Yamamoto K, Yamamoto M, Hisanaga K, Kawamura T. Amantadine for dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2010;5:e15298.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schapira AH, Barone P, Hauser RA, Mizuno Y, Rascol O, Busse M, Salin L, Juhel N, Poewe W. Extended-release pramipexole in advanced Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2011;77:767–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schapira AH, Fox SH, Hauser RA, Jankovic J, Jost WH, Kenney C, Kulisevsky J, Pahwa R, Poewe W, Anand R. Assessment of safety and efficacy of safinamide as a levodopa adjunct in patients with Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74:216–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schrag A. Entacapone in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:366–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwab RS, Poskanzer DC, England AC Jr, Young RR. Amantadine in parkinson disease: review of more than two years’ experience. JAMA. 1972;222:792–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seeberger LC, Hauser RA. Levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone in Parkinson’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother. 2009;9:929–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stocchi F, De Pandis MF. Utility of tolcapone in fluctuating Parkinson’s disease. Clin Interv Aging. 2006;1:317–25.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stocchi F, Rabey JM. Effect of rasagiline as adjunct therapy to levodopa on severity of OFF in Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol. 2011;18:1373–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stocchi F, Hsu A, Khanna S, Ellenbogen A, Mahler A, Liang G, Dillmann U, Rubens R, Kell S, Gupta S. Comparison of IPX066 with carbidopa-levodopa plus entacapone in advanced PD patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20:1335–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoof JC, Booij J, Drukarch B, Wolters EC. The anti-parkinsonian drug amantadine inhibits the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-evoked release of acetylcholine from rat neostriatum in a non-competitive way. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992;213:439–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stowe RL, Ives NJ, Clarke C, Van Hilten J, Ferreira J, Hawker RJ, Shah L, Wheatley K, Gray R. Dopamine agonist therapy in early Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008. Cd006564. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006564.pub2.

  • Sweeney PJ. Parkinson’s disease: managing symptoms and preserving function. Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland). 1995;50:24–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi M, Fujita M, Asai N, Saki M, Mori A. Safety and effectiveness of istradefylline in patients with Parkinson’s disease: interim analysis of a post-marketing surveillance study in Japan. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018;19:1635–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tolosa E, Hernandez B, Linazasoro G, Lopez-Lozano JJ, Mir P, Marey J, Kulisevsky J. Efficacy of levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone versus levodopa/carbidopa in patients with early Parkinson’s disease experiencing mild wearing-off: a randomised, double-blind trial. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2014;121:357–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trenkwalder C, Kies B, Dioszeghy P, Hill D, Surmann E, Boroojerdi B, Whitesides J, Chaudhuri KR. Rotigotine transdermal system for the management of motor function and sleep disturbances in Parkinson’s disease: results from a 1-year, open-label extension of the RECOVER study. Basal Ganglia. 2012;2:79–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Truong DD. Tolcapone: review of its pharmacology and use as adjunctive therapy in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Clin Interv Aging. 2009;4:109–13.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verhagen Metman L, Del Dotto P, Van Den Munckhof P, Fang J, Mouradian MM, Chase TN. Amantadine as treatment for dyskinesias and motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 1998;50:1323–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Von Voigtlander PF, Moore KE. Dopamine: release from the brain in vivo by amantadine. Science. 1971;174:408–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters CH, Sethi KD, Hauser RA, Molho E, Bertoni JM. Zydis selegiline reduces off time in Parkinson’s disease patients with motor fluctuations: a 3-month, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord. 2004;19:426–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watts RL, Jankovic J, Waters C, Rajput A, Boroojerdi B, Rao J. Randomized, blind, controlled trial of transdermal rotigotine in early Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2007;68:272–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood M, Dubois V, Scheller D, Gillard M. Rotigotine is a potent agonist at dopamine D1 receptors as well as at dopamine D2 and D3 receptors. Br J Pharmacol. 2015;172(4):1124–1135. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.12988.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Qin X, Zhou H, Zhang C, Sun H, Tang R, Zheng J, Yi L, Deng L, Li J. Efficacy and safety of rasagiline as an adjunct to levodopa treatment in Chinese patients with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled, multi-centre trial. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013a;16:1529–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, Wang J, Zhang X, Chen S, Wang Z, Zhang B, Liu C, Qu Q, Cheng Y, Li J, Cao H, Cai M, Zhu R. The efficacy and safety of ropinirole prolonged release tablets as adjunctive therapy in Chinese subjects with advanced Parkinson’s disease: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013b;19:1022–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou CQ, Li SS, Chen ZM, Li FQ, Lei P, Peng GG. Rotigotine transdermal patch in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e69738.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neurology Department, International Neurosurgery Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Trang N. N. Vo

  2. Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA

    Karen Frei

  3. The Truong Neuroscience Institute, Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA, USA

    Daniel D. Truong

  4. Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

    Daniel D. Truong

Authors
  1. Trang N. N. Vo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Karen Frei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Daniel D. Truong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel D. Truong .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany

    Peter Riederer

  2. Institute of Psychological Medicine (IPM), Soyen, Germany

    Gerd Laux

  3. Centre for Research Promotion and Support, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan

    Toshiharu Nagatsu

  4. Center Translational Res Neurol Diseases, Dalian Med Uni Shanghai Inst Health Sc Center Translational Res Neurol Diseases, Dalian, China

    Weidong Le

  5. WĂĽrzburg, Germany

    Christian Riederer

Section Editor information

  1. Center for Research Promotion and Support, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan

    Toshiharu Nagatsu

  2. Department of Physiological Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan

    Akira Nakashima

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Vo, T.N.N., Frei, K., Truong, D.D. (2022). Guidelines for the Use of Parkinsonian Drugs (in USA). In: Riederer, P., Laux, G., Nagatsu, T., Le, W., Riederer, C. (eds) NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_357

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_357

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-62058-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-62059-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation