Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Smart Cities in the Era of Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things: Promises and Challenges

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Smart Cities and Smart Governance

Part of the book series: Public Administration and Information Technology ((PAIT,volume 37))

Abstract

The concept of smart cities is rapidly gaining momentum and worldwide attention as a promising response to different challenges of urban development, such as: lack of natural resources, pollution, traffic congestion, deteriorating infrastructure, economic decline, etc. This concept is driven, among other elements, by technology, and technology is growing so fast. The growth of technology has led to the emergence of new solutions that will transform our societies, as connected objects, self-driven cars, drones, and robots. These technologies can be used in every sphere of a city such as: urban problem-solving, natural resource management, real-time data processing, or predicting crimes, etc. However, these new technologies can pose new social, ethical, and legal challenges that can affect the society. In this chapter, through an extensive literature review of two key technologies used for smart cities development that are the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), we identify the opportunities and the challenges that cities may face when adopting these technologies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acampora, G., Cook, D. J., Rashidi, P., & Vasilakos, A. V. (2013). A survey on ambient intelligence in healthcare. Proceedings of the IEEE, 101(12), 2470–2494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adadi, A., Berrada, M., Chenouni, D., & Bounabat, B. (2015, October). Ontology based composition of e-government services using AI planning. In 2015 10th International Conference on Intelligent Systems: Theories and Applications (SITA) (pp. 1–8). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aimé, X., Charlet, J., Maillet, D., & Belin, C. (2015). L’intelligence artificielle à la rencontre de la neuropsychologie: mémoire sémantique, vieillissement normal et pathologique. Gériatrie et Psychologie Neuropsychiatrie du Vieillissement, 13(1), 88–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aitkenhead, M. J., Dalgetty, I. A., Mullins, C. E., McDonald, A. J. S., & Strachan, N. J. C. (2003). Weed and crop discrimination using image analysis and artificial intelligence methods. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 39(3), 157–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albino, V., Berardi, U., & Dangelico, R. M. (2015). Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives. Journal of Urban Technology, 22(1), 3–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anthopoulos, L. G. (2015). Understanding the smart city domain: A literature review. In Transforming city governments for successful smart cities (pp. 9–21). Cham: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Aoun, C. (2013). The smart city cornerstone: Urban efficiency. Rueil-Malmaison, France: Schneider Electric.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arroub, A., Zahi, B., Sabir, E., & Sadik, M. (2016, October). A literature review on smart cities: Paradigms, opportunities and open problems. In 2016 International Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (WINCOM) (pp. 180–186). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Artificial Intelligence. (2016). Automation, and the economy. Executive Office of the President, 18–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, K. (2009). That ‘internet of things’ thing. RFID journal, 22(7), 97–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atzori, L., Iera, A., & Morabito, G. (2010). The internet of things: A survey. Computer Networks, 54(15), 2787–2805.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Augusto, J. C. (2007). Ambient intelligence: The confluence of ubiquitous/pervasive computing and artificial intelligence. In Intelligent computing everywhere (pp. 213–234). London, UK: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Augusto, J. C., Nakashima, H., & Aghajan, H. (2010). Ambient intelligence and smart environments: A state of the art. In Handbook of ambient intelligence and smart environments (pp. 3–31). Boston, MA: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Balakrishna, C. (2012, September). Enabling technologies for smart city services and applications. In 2012 6th International Conference on Next Generation Mobile Applications, Services and Technologies (NGMAST) (pp. 223–227). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baxt, W. G. (1995). Application of artificial neural networks to clinical medicine. The Lancet, 346(8983), 1135–1138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beaudry, É. (2011). Rédiger et publier un article scientifique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behrendt, F. (2016). Why cycling matters for smart cities. Internet of bicycles for intelligent transport. Journal of Transport Geography, 56, 157–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt, C., Dey, N., & Ashour, A. S. (Eds.). (2017). Internet of Things and Big Data Technologies for Next Generation Healthcare (Vol. 23). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bibri, S. E., & Krogstie, J. (2017). Smart sustainable cities of the future: An extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 31, 183–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bing, K., Fu, L., Zhuo, Y., & Yanlei, L. (2011, July). Design of an internet of things-based smart home system. In 2011 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Control and Information Processing (ICICIP) (Vol. 2, pp. 921–924). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borgia, E. (2014). The Internet of Things vision: Key features, applications and open issues. Computer Communications, 54, 1–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bostrom, N. (2002). Existential risks: Analyzing human extinction scenarios and related hazards. Journal of Evolution and technology,9. 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bostrom, N. (2017). Superintelligence. Paris, France: Dunod.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bostrom, N., & Yudkowsky, E. (2014). The ethics of artificial intelligence. The Cambridge handbook of artificial intelligence, 1, 316–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bostrum, N. (2014). Superintelligence: paths, dangers, strategies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulos, M. N. K., & Al-Shorbaji, N. M. (2014). On the Internet of Things, smart cities and the WHO Healthy Cities. International Journal of Health Geographics, 13, 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bregman, D. (2010). Smart home Intelligence–the eHome that learns. International Journal of Smart Home, 4(4), 35–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breux, S., & Diaz, J. (2017). La ville intelligente: origine, définitions, forces et limites d’une expression polysémique. Institut national de la recherche scientifique-Centre Urbanisation Culture Société.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, R. A., Selman, B., Dean, T., Horvitz, E., Mitchell, T. M., & Nilsson, N. J. (1996). Challenge problems for artificial intelligence. In Thirteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence-AAAI (Vol. 4).

    Google Scholar 

  • Canton, J. (2011). The extreme future of megacities. Significance, 8(2), 53–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, Q. H., Khan, I., Farahbakhsh, R., Madhusudan, G., Lee, G. M., & Crespi, N. (2016, May). A trust model for data sharing in smart cities. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) (pp. 1–7). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P. (2011). Smart cities in Europe. Journal of Urban Technology, 18(2), 65–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castelli, M., Sormani, R., Trujillo, L., & Popovič, A. (2017). Predicting per capita violent crimes in urban areas: An artificial intelligence approach. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 8(1), 29–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cath, C., Wachter, S., Mittelstadt, B., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2018). Artificial intelligence and the ‘Good Society’: The US, EU, and UK approach. Science and Engineering Ethics, 24(2), 505–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamoso, P., & De La Prieta, F. (2015). Simulation environment for algorithms and agents evaluation. ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal, 4(3), 87–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chourabi, H., Nam, T., Walker, S., Gil-Garcia, J. R., Mellouli, S., Nahon, K., … & Scholl, H. J. (2012, January). Understanding smart cities: An integrative framework. In 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Science (HICSS) (pp. 2289–2297). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chun, A. H. W. (2007, July). Using AI for e-Government automatic assessment of immigration application forms. In AAAI (pp. 1684–1691).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cocchia, A. (2014). Smart and digital city: A systematic literature review. In Smart city (pp. 13–43). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Coe, A., Paquet, G., & Roy, J. (2001). E-governance and smart communities: A social learning challenge. Social Science Computer Review, 19(1), 80–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, D. J., Augusto, J. C., & Jakkula, V. R. (2009). Ambient intelligence: Technologies, applications, and opportunities. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 5(4), 277–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, D. J., Youngblood, M., Heierman, E. O., Gopalratnam, K., Rao, S., Litvin, A., & Khawaja, F. (2003, March). MavHome: An agent-based smart home. In Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, 2003.(PerCom 2003) (pp. 521–524). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, H. M. (1988). Organizing knowledge syntheses: A taxonomy of literature reviews. Knowledge in Society, 1(1), 104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coppin, B. (2004). Artificial intelligence illuminated. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortés, U., Sànchez-Marrè, M., Ceccaroni, L., R-Roda, I., & Poch, M. (2000). Artificial intelligence and environmental decision support systems. Applied Intelligence, 13(1), 77–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, E. D., Batuello, J. T., Snow, P., Gamito, E. J., McLeod, D. G., Partin, A. W., … Brandt, J. (2000). The use of artificial intelligence technology to predict lymph node spread in men with clinically localized prostate carcinoma. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society, 88(9), 2105–2109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darianian, M., & Michael, M. P. (2008, December). Smart home mobile RFID-based internet-of-things systems and services. In International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering, 2008. ICACTE‘08. (pp. 116–120). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • David, P., Alan, M., & Randy, G. (1998). Computational intelligence: A logical approach. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Paz, J. F., Bajo, J., Rodríguez, S., Villarrubia, G., & Corchado, J. M. (2016). Intelligent system for lighting control in smart cities. Information Sciences, 372, 241–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desouza, K. C. (2001, April). Artificial intelligence for healthcare management. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Management of Health care and Medical Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dias, G. M., Bellalta, B., & Oechsner, S. (2015). Predicting occupancy trends in Barcelona’s bicycle service stations using open data. arXiv preprint arXiv:1505.03662.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dirks, S., & Keeling, M. (2009). A vision of smarter cities: How cities can lead the way into a prosperous and sustainable future (Vol. 8). Somers, NY: IBM Institute for Business Value.

    Google Scholar 

  • Djahel, S., Doolan, R., Muntean, G. M., & Murphy, J. (2015). A communications-oriented perspective on traffic management systems for smart cities: Challenges and innovative approaches. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohler, M., Vilajosana, I., Vilajosana, X., & Llosa, J. (2011, December). Smart cities: An action plan. In Proceedings of Barcelona Smart Cities Congress, Barcelona, Spain (pp. 1–6).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dragomir, F. L. (2017). Artificial intelligence techniques cybersecurity. In International Scientific Conference “Strategies XXI” (Vol. 3, p. 147). “Carol I” National Defence University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi, S. K., & Bharti, A. K. (2010). E-Governance in India–Problems and Acceptability. Journal of Theoretical & Applied Information Technology, 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferraz, F. S., & Ferraz, C. A. G. (2014, December). Smart city security issues: Depicting information security issues in the role of an urban environment. In 2014 IEEE/ACM 7th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing (UCC) (pp. 842–847). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiander, S., & Blackwood, N. (2016). Robotics and artificial intelligence: Fifth report of session 2016–17. House of Commons Science and Technology Committee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankish, K., & Ramsey, W. M. (Eds.). (2014). The Cambridge handbook of artificial intelligence. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabrys, J. (2014). Programming environments: Environmentality and citizen sensing in the smart city. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 32(1), 30–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ganascia, J. G. (1993). L’intelligence artificielle. Paris, France: Flammarion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., & Meijers, E. (2007). City-ranking of European medium-sized cities (pp. 1–12). Vienna, UT: Centre for Regional Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giyenko, A., & Im Cho, Y. (2016, August). Intelligent unmanned aerial vehicle platform for smart cities. In 2016 Joint 8th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems (SCIS) and 17th International Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems (pp. 729–733). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossi, E. (2006). How artificial intelligence tools can be used to assess individual patient risk in cardiovascular disease: Problems with the current methods. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 6(1), 20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions. Future Generation Computer Systems, 29(7), 1645–1660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, K., & Hall, R. P. (2017, May). The Indian perspective of smart cities. In 2017 Smart City Symposium Prague (SCSP), Prague, Czech Republic (pp. 1–6).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurney, J. K. (2013). Sue my car not me: Products liability and accidents involving autonomous vehicles. U. Ill. JL Tech. & Pol’y, 247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, C., & Donnelly, I. A. (2011, September). A theory of smart cities. In Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the ISSS-2011, Hull, UK (Vol. 55, No. 1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harsh, A., & Ichalkaranje, N. (2015). Transforming e-government to smart government: A South Australian perspective. In Intelligent computing, communication and devices (pp. 9–16). New Delhi, India: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hashem, I. A. T., Chang, V., Anuar, N. B., Adewole, K., Yaqoob, I., Gani, A., … Chiroma, H. (2016). The role of big data in smart city. International Journal of Information Management, 36(5), 748–758.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hause, M., & Hummell, J. (2016, July). Making smart cities smarter–MBSE driven IoT. In INCOSE International Symposium (Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 1675–1690).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawking, S., Russell, S., Tegmark, M., & Wilczek, F. (2014). Stephen Hawking:\‘Transcendence looks at the implications of artificial intelligence-but are we taking AI seriously enough?\’. The Independent, 2014(05-01), 9313474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heller, B., Proctor, M., Mah, D., Jewell, L., & Cheung, B. (2005, June). Freudbot: An investigation of chatbot technology in distance education. In EdMedia: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology (pp. 3913–3918). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, J., Ford, W. R., & Farreras, I. G. (2015). Real conversations with artificial intelligence: A comparison between human–human online conversations and human–chatbot conversations. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 245–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollands, R. G. (2008). Will the real smart city please stand up? Intelligent, progressive or entrepreneurial? City, 12(3), 303–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollingum, J. (1999). Robots in agriculture. Industrial Robot: An International Journal, 26(6), 438–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hui, T. K., Sherratt, R. S., & Sánchez, D. D. (2017). Major requirements for building smart homes in smart cities based on Internet of Things technologies. Future Generation Computer Systems, 76, 358–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, E., & Lavoie, A. M. (2011). Les méthodes de recherche quantitatives et qualitatives peuvent-elles déjà coexister? Recherche en Soins Infirmiers, 2, 25–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ishida, T. (2017, April). Digital city, smart city and beyond. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion (pp. 1151–1152). International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Islam, S. R., Kwak, D., Kabir, M. H., Hossain, M., & Kwak, K. S. (2015). The internet of things for health care: A comprehensive survey. IEEE Access, 3, 678–708.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaradat, M., Jarrah, M., Bousselham, A., Jararweh, Y., & Al-Ayyoub, M. (2015). The internet of energy: Smart sensor networks and big data management for smart grid. Procedia Computer Science, 56, 592–597.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jin, J., Gubbi, J., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M. (2014). An information framework for creating a smart city through internet of things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 1(2), 112–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jucevičius, R., & Liugailaitė-Radzvickienė, L. (2014). Framework for development of City’s Intelligence. In The 8th International Scientific Conference “Business and Management 2014 (pp. 926–932).

    Google Scholar 

  • Khatoun, R., & Zeadally, S. (2016). Smart cities: Concepts, architectures, research opportunities. Communications of the ACM, 59(8), 46–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitchin, R. (2014). The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism. GeoJournal, 79(1), 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koh, H. C., & Tan, G. (2011). Data mining applications in healthcare. Journal of Healthcare Information Management, 19(2), 65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koreshoff, T. L., Robertson, T., & Leong, T. W. (2013, November). Internet of things: A review of literature and products. In Proceedings of the 25th Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference: Augmentation, Application, Innovation, Collaboration (pp. 335–344). ACM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurzweil, R. (2000). The age of spiritual machines: When computers exceed human intelligence. New York, NY: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauterbach, B. A., & Bonim, A. (2016). Artificial intelligence: A strategic business and governance imperative. (NACD Directorship, September/October, 54–57).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. H., Hancock, M. G., & Hu, M. C. (2014). Towards an effective framework for building smart cities: Lessons from Seoul and San Francisco. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 89, 80–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lette, J., Colletti, B. W., Cerino, M., Mcnamara, D., Eybalin, M. C., Levasseur, A., & Natnel, S. (1994). Artificial intelligence versus logistic regression statistical modelling to predict cardiac complications after noncardiac surgery. Clinical Cardiology, 17(11), 609–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, D., Yao, Y., Shao, Z., & Wang, L. (2014). From digital earth to smart earth. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59(8), 722–733.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J., Da-You, L., & Bo, Y. (2004). Smart home research, machine learning and cybernetics, 2004. In Proceedings of 2004 International Conference (Vol. 652, pp. 659–663).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liebig, T., Piatkowski, N., Bockermann, C., & Morik, K. (2014, March). Predictive trip planning-smart routing in smart cities. In EDBT/ICDT Workshops (pp. 331–338).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lombardi, P., Giordano, S., Farouh, H., & Wael, Y. (2011, June). An analytic network model for smart cities. In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on the AHP (pp. 15–18).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, J., Ruan, D., & Zhang, G. (2007). E-service intelligence. Berlin, Germany: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Luque, A., McFarlane, C., & Marvin, S. (2014). Smart urbanism: Cities, grids and alternatives. In After sustainable cities (pp. 74–90). London, UK: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madakam, S., Ramaswamy, R., & Tripathi, S. (2015). Internet of Things (IoT): A literature review. Journal of Computer and Communications, 3(05), 164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahapatra, R. P., Sharma, N., Trivedi, A., & Aman, C. (2012, September). Adding interactive interface to e-government systems using aiml based chatterbots. In 2012 CSI Sixth International Conference on Software Engineering (CONSEG) (pp. 1–6). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masek, P., Masek, J., Frantik, P., Fujdiak, R., Ometov, A., Hosek, J., … Misurec, J. (2016). A harmonized perspective on transportation management in smart cities: The novel IoT-driven environment for road traffic modeling. Sensors, 16(11), 1872.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mathur, S., & Modani, U. S. (2016, March). Smart City-a gateway for artificial intelligence in India. In 2016 IEEE Students’ Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS) (pp. 1–3). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • McArthur, D., Lewis, M., & Bishary, M. (2005). The roles of artificial intelligence in education: Current progress and future prospects. Journal of Educational Technology, 1(4), 42–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meana-Llorián, D., García, C. G., G-Bustelo, B. C. P., Lovelle, J. M. C., & Garcia-Fernandez, N. (2017). IoFClime: The fuzzy logic and the Internet of Things to control indoor temperature regarding the outdoor ambient conditions. Future Generation Computer Systems, 76, 275–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehmood, Y., Ahmad, F., Yaqoob, I., Adnane, A., Imran, M., & Guizani, S. (2017). Internet-of-things-based smart cities: Recent advances and challenges. IEEE Communications Magazine, 55(9), 16–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mikulecký, P. (2012, April). Smart environments for smart learning. In Proceedings of DIVAI 2012—9th International Scientific Conference on Distance Learning in Applied Informatics (pp. 213–222).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mizoguchi, F., Nishiyama, H., Ohwada, H., & Hiraishi, H. (1999). Smart office robot collaboration based on multi-agent programming. Artificial Intelligence, 114(1–2), 57–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreira Nascimento, A., da Cunha, V. C., Alexandra, M., de Souza Meirelles, F., Scornavacca, E., de Melo, V. (2018). A literature analysis of research on artificial intelligence in Management Information System (MIS). In AMCIS Conference, New Orleans, LA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brundage, M. (2015). Taking superintelligence seriously: Superintelligence: Paths, dangers, strategies by Nick Bostrom (Oxford University Press, 2014). Futures, 72, 32-35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murase, H. (2000). Special issue. Artificial intelligence in agriculture. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 29(1/2), 178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakashima, H., Aghajan, H., & Augusto, J. C. (Eds.). (2009). Handbook of ambient intelligence and smart environments. New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nam, T., & Pardo, T. A. (2011, June). Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. In Proceedings of the 12th annual international digital government research conference: digital government innovation in challenging times (pp. 282–291). ACM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neirotti, P., De Marco, A., Cagliano, A. C., Mangano, G., & Scorrano, F. (2014). Current trends in Smart City initiatives: Some stylised facts. Cities, 38, 25–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nigon, J., Glize, E., Dupas, D., Crasnier, F., & Boes, J. (2016, July). Use cases of pervasive artificial intelligence for smart cities challenges. In Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced and Trusted Computing, Scalable Computing and Communications, Cloud and Big Data Computing, Internet of People, and Smart World Congress (UIC/ATC/ScalCom/CBDCom/IoP/SmartWorld), 2016 Intl IEEE Conferences (pp. 1021–1027). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’grady, M., & O’hare, G. (2012). How smart is your city? Science, 335(6076), 1581–1582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, D. E., Kuokka, D., & Plant, R. (1997). Artificial intelligence and virtual organizations. Communications of the ACM, 40(1), 52–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ojo, A., Curry, E., Janowski, T., & Dzhusupova, Z. (2015). Designing next generation smart city initiatives: The SCID framework. In Transforming city governments for successful smart cities (pp. 43-67). Springer, Cham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papadokostaki, K., Mastorakis, G., Panagiotakis, S., Mavromoustakis, C. X., Dobre, C., & Batalla, J. M. (2017). Handling big data in the era of internet of things (IoT). In Advances in mobile Cloud computing and Big Data in the 5G Era (pp. 3–22). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, V. L., Shortliffe, E. H., Stefanelli, M., Szolovits, P., Berthold, M. R., Bellazzi, R., & Abu-Hanna, A. (2009). The coming of age of artificial intelligence in medicine. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 46(1), 5–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patti, E., & Acquaviva, A. (2016, September). IoT platform for smart cities: Requirements and implementation case studies. In 2016 IEEE 2nd International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry Leveraging a better tomorrow (RTSI) (pp. 1–6). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, G. V., Macadar, M. A., Luciano, E. M., & Testa, M. G. (2017). Delivering public value through open government data initiatives in a Smart City context. Information Systems Frontiers, 19(2), 213–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perera, C., Zaslavsky, A., Christen, P., & Georgakopoulos, D. (2014). Sensing as a service model for smart cities supported by internet of things. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 25(1), 81–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez, D., Villaverde, M., Moreno, F., Nogar, N., Ezcurra, F., & Aznar, E. (2014, July). Low-cost radar-based target identification prototype using an expert system. In 2014 12th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN) (pp. 54–59). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrolo, R., Loscri, V., & Mitton, N. (2014, August). Towards a smart city based on cloud of things. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM international workshop on Wireless and mobile technologies for smart cities (pp. 61–66). ACM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qela, B., & Mouftah, H. T. (2012). Observe, learn, and adapt (OLA)—An algorithm for energy management in smart homes using wireless sensors and artificial intelligence. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 3(4), 2262–2272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramchurn, S. D., Vytelingum, P., Rogers, A., & Jennings, N. R. (2012). Putting the ‘smarts’ into the smart grid: A grand challenge for artificial intelligence. Communications of the ACM, 55(4), 86–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez, A. R. G., González-Carrasco, I., Jasper, G. H., Lopez, A. L., Lopez-Cuadrado, J. L., & García-Crespo, A. (2017). Towards human smart cities: Internet of Things for sensory impaired individuals. Computing, 99(1), 107–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rathore, M. M., Ahmad, A., Paul, A., & Rho, S. (2016). Urban planning and building smart cities based on the internet of things using big data analytics. Computer Networks, 101, 63–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricquebourg, V., Menga, D., Durand, D., Marhic, B., Delahoche, L., & Loge, C. (2006, December). The smart home concept: Our immediate future. In 2006 1ST IEEE International Conference on E-Learning in Industrial Electronics (pp. 23–28). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, P., & Sykes, H. (Eds.). (1999). Urban regeneration: A handbook. London, UK: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robles, R. J., & Kim, T. H. (2010). Applications, systems and methods in smart home technology. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 15, 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenkranz, H. S., Mitchell, C. S., & Klopman, G. (1985). Artificial intelligence and Bayesian decision theory in the prediction of chemical carcinogens. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 150(1), 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education. Boston: Center for Curriculum Redesign.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakhardande, P., Hanagal, S., & Kulkarni, S. (2016, January). Design of disaster management system using IoT based interconnected network with smart city monitoring. In International Conference on Internet of Things and Applications (IOTA), (pp. 185–190). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saleh, I. (2017). sLes enjeux et les défis de l’Internet des Objets (IdO). Internet des objets, 1(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarin, G. (2016, March). Developing smart cities using Internet of Things: An empirical study. In 2016 3rd International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom) (pp. 315-320). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffers, H., Komninos, N., Pallot, M., Trousse, B., Nilsson, M., & Oliveira, A. (2011, May). Smart cities and the future internet: Towards cooperation frameworks for open innovation. In The future internet assembly (pp. 431–446). Berlin, Germany: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Schedler, K., Guenduez, A. A., & Frischknecht, R. (2017). How smart can government be? Discussing the barriers of smart government adoption. In 2017 IPMN Conference, Shanghai, China

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah, J., & Mishra, B. (2016, January). IoT enabled environmental monitoring system for smart cities. In International Conference on Internet of Things and Applications (IOTA), (pp. 383–388). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharbaf, M. (2018). Artificial intelligence and cybersecurity. Business Strategy in the Artificial Intelligence Economy, 5. 

    Google Scholar 

  • Shawar, B. A., & Atwell, E. (2007). Chatbots: Are they really useful? Ldv Forum, 22(1), 29–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shi, Y., Xie, W., Xu, G., Shi, R., Chen, E., Mao, Y., & Liu, F. (2003). The smart classroom: Merging technologies for seamless tele-education. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 2, 47–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A. (1996). The sciences of the artificial. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skouby, K. E., & Lynggaard, P. (2014, November). Smart home and smart city solutions enabled by 5G, IoT, AAI and CoT services. In 2014 International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I) (pp. 874–878). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solanas, A., Patsakis, C., Conti, M., Vlachos, I. S., Ramos, V., Falcone, F., … Martinez-Balleste, A. (2014). Smart health: A context-aware health paradigm within smart cities. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(8), 74–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Speight, P. M., Elliott, A. E., Jullien, J. A., Downer, M. C., & Zakzrewska, J. M. (1995). The use of artificial intelligence to identify people at risk of oral cancer and precancer. British Dental Journal, 179(10), 382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, S., Bisht, A., & Narayan, N. (2017, January). Safety and security in smart cities using artificial intelligence—A review. In 2017 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing, Data Science & Engineering-Confluence (pp. 130–133). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steels, L. (1993). The artificial life roots of artificial intelligence. Artificial Life, 1(1–2), 75–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Struecker, B., Raschzok, N., & Sauer, I. M. (2014). Liver support strategies: Cutting-edge technologies. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 11(3), 166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su, K., Li, J., & Fu, H. (2011, September). Smart city and the applications. In 2011 International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Control (ICECC) (pp. 1028–1031). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundmaeker, H., Guillemin, P., Friess, P., & Woelfflé, S. (2010). Vision and challenges for realising the Internet of Things. Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things, European Commision, 3(3), 34–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szolovits, P. (Ed.). (1982). Artificial intelligence in medicine (pp. 1–226). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talari, S., Shafie-Khah, M., Siano, P., Loia, V., Tommasetti, A., & Catalão, J. (2017). A review of smart cities based on the internet of things concept. Energies, 10(4), 421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, B., Chen, Z., Hefferman, G., Wei, T., He, H., & Yang, Q. (2015, October). A hierarchical distributed fog computing architecture for big data analysis in smart cities. In Proceedings of the ASE BigData & Social Informatics 2015 (p. 28). ACM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor Buck, N., & While, A. (2017). Competitive urbanism and the limits to smart city innovation: The UK future cities initiative. Urban Studies, 54(2), 501–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thrift, N. (2014). The ‘sentient’ city and what it may portend. Big Data & Society, 1(1), 2053951714532241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari, A., & Jain, K. (2014). GIS steering smart future for smart Indian cities. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(8), 442–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trilles, S., Belmonte, Ò., Schade, S., & Huerta, J. (2017). A domain-independent methodology to analyze IoT data streams in real-time. A proof of concept implementation for anomaly detection from environmental data. International Journal of Digital Earth, 10(1), 103–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsaramirsis, G., Karamitsos, I., & Apostolopoulos, C. (2016, March). Smart parking: An IoT application for smart city. In 2016 3rd International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom) (pp. 1412–1416). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turing, A. M. (1996). Intelligent machinery, a heretical theory. Philosophia Mathematica, 4(3), 256–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uckelmann, D., Harrison, M., & Michahelles, F. (2011). An architectural approach towards the future internet of things. In Architecting the internet of things (pp. 1–24). Berlin, Germany: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • UN, United Nations. (2008). World urbanization prospects: The 2007 revision population database. Retrieved from http://esa.un.org/unup/.

  • Urbieta, A., González-Beltrán, A., Mokhtar, S. B., Hossain, M. A., & Capra, L. (2017). Adaptive and context-aware service composition for IoT-based smart cities. Future Generation Computer Systems, 76, 262–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vakali, A., Anthopoulos, L., & Krco, S. (2014, June). Smart cities data streams integration: Experimenting with internet of things and social data flows. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics (WIMS14) (p. 60). ACM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Natale, S. (2019). If software is narrative: Joseph Weizenbaum, artificial intelligence and the biographies of ELIZA. new media & society, 21(3), 712-728.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanolo, A. (2014). Smartmentality: The smart city as disciplinary strategy. Urban Studies, 51(5), 883–898.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vattapparamban, E., Güvenç, İ., Yurekli, A. İ., Akkaya, K., & Uluağaç, S. (2016, September). Drones for smart cities: Issues in cybersecurity, privacy, and public safety. In 2016 International Wireless Communications and Mobile computing Conference (IWCMC) (pp. 216–221). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Viitanen, J., & Kingston, R. (2014). Smart cities and green growth: Outsourcing democratic and environmental resilience to the global technology sector. Environment and Planning A, 46(4), 803–819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vlacheas, P., Giaffreda, R., Stavroulaki, V., Kelaidonis, D., Foteinos, V., Poulios, G., … Moessner, K. (2013). Enabling smart cities through a cognitive management framework for the internet of things. IEEE Communications Magazine, 51(6), 102–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, J., & Watson, R. T. (2002). Analyzing the past to prepare for the future: Writing a literature review. MIS Quarterly, 26, xiii–xxiii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winston, P. (1992). Learning by building identification trees. Artificial Intelligence, 423–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie, W., Shi, Y., Xu, G., & Xie, D. (2001, October). Smart classroom-an intelligent environment for tele-education. In Pacific-Rim Conference on Multimedia (pp. 662–668). Berlin, Germany: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yigitcanlar, T., & Lee, S. H. (2014). Korean ubiquitous-eco-city: A smart-sustainable urban form or a branding hoax? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 89, 100–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yudkowsky, E. (2008). Artificial intelligence as a positive and negative factor in global risk. Global Catastrophic Risks, 1(303), 184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zanella, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A., Vangelista, L., & Zorzi, M. (2014). Internet of things for smart cities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 1(1), 22–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zang, Y., Zhang, F., Di, C. A., & Zhu, D. (2015). Advances of flexible pressure sensors toward artificial intelligence and health care applications. Materials Horizons, 2(2), 140–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Z. K., Cho, M. C. Y., Wang, C. W., Hsu, C. W., Chen, C. K., & Shieh, S. (2014, November). IoT security: Ongoing challenges and research opportunities. In 2014 IEEE 7th International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing and Applications (SOCA) (pp. 230–234). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhuhadar, L., Thrasher, E., Marklin, S., & de Pablos, P. O. (2017). The next wave of innovation—Review of smart cities intelligent operation systems. Computers in Human Behavior, 66, 273–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Information System, Université Laval, Québec, Canada

    Amal Ben Rjab & Sehl Mellouli

Authors
  1. Amal Ben Rjab
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sehl Mellouli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amal Ben Rjab .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahia Blanca, Argentina

    Elsa Estevez

  2. Center for Technology in Government, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA

    Theresa A. Pardo

  3. The Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Hans Jochen Scholl

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Rjab, A.B., Mellouli, S. (2021). Smart Cities in the Era of Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things: Promises and Challenges. In: Estevez, E., Pardo, T.A., Scholl, H.J. (eds) Smart Cities and Smart Governance. Public Administration and Information Technology, vol 37. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61033-3_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation