Abstract
On 10 October and 3 November 2018, two large landslides occurred at Baige on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and completely blocked the Jinsha River. Accordingly two landslide dams formed and breached sequentially, with the breaching of the 3 Nov. dam generating a flood larger than the 10,000-year return period flood over a river reach of approximately 400 km, endangering the serial cascade dams and towns along the river. These were two typical large-scale hazard chains originated by landslides. This paper presents a five-phase protocol to manage the risks of landslide hazard chains, which includes definitions, multi-hazard assessment, exposure assessment, multi-vulnerability assessment, and multi-risk assessment. The protocol is illustrated in the case of the Jinsha River landslide hazard chains. How the hazard chains developed in space and time are introduced. The major engineering measures for mitigating short-term and longer-term risks are described, including the use of a 15 m deep diversion channel to reduce the dam failure flow rate and flow quantity, removal of two cofferdams along the river to avoid flood amplification effects, flood regulation using six reservoirs over 630 km downstream, load relief at the crest of the instable slope to increase its stability, and removal of part of the residual landslide barrier to minimize future landslide dam risks. Finally, several scientific topics are suggested for further study.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the technical help from Dr. Ping Shen of the University of Macau and Dr. Laura C. Chen of Sichuan University. The research reported in this paper was substantially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Project No. 2018YFC1508600), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41941017), and the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong SAR (Nos. AoE/E-603/18 and 16206217).
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Zhang, L.M., He, J., Xiao, T. (2021). Engineering Risk Mitigation for Landslide Hazard Chains: The Baige Landslides on the Jinsha River in 2018. In: Tiwari, B., Sassa, K., Bobrowsky, P.T., Takara, K. (eds) Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk. WLF 2020. ICL Contribution to Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60706-7_6
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