Skip to main content

Runtime Verification of Autonomous Driving Systems in CARLA

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Runtime Verification (RV 2020)

Abstract

Urban driving simulators, such as CARLA, provide 3-D environments and useful tools to easily simulate sensorimotor control systems in scenarios with complex multi-agent dynamics. This enables the design exploration at the early system development stages, reducing high infrastructure costs and high risks. However, due to the high-dimensional input and state spaces of closed-loop autonomous driving systems, their testing and verification is very challenging and it has not yet taken advantage of the recent developments in theory and tools for runtime verification. We show here how to integrate the recently introduced \(\texttt {rtamt}\) library, for runtime verification of STL (Signal Temporal Logic) specifications, with the CARLA simulator. Finally, we also present the obtained results from monitoring quantitatively interesting requirements for an experimental Adaptive Cruise Control system tested in CARLA.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The CARLA client scripts for our ACC system with the integrated \(\texttt {rtamt}\) monitors can be accessed online at http://depend.csd.auth.gr/software/carla.

References

  1. Henzinger, T.A., Kopke, P.W., Puri, A., Varaiya, P.: What’s decidable about hybrid automata? J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 57(1), 94–124 (1998)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  2. Alur, R., Henzinger, T.A.: Logics and models of real time: a survey. In: de Bakker, J.W., Huizing, C., de Roever, W.P., Rozenberg, G. (eds.) REX 1991. LNCS, vol. 600, pp. 74–106. Springer, Heidelberg (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0031988

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  3. Annpureddy, Y., Liu, C., Fainekos, G., Sankaranarayanan, S.: S-TaLiRo: a tool for temporal logic falsification for hybrid systems. In: Abdulla, P.A., Leino, K.R.M. (eds.) TACAS 2011. LNCS, vol. 6605, pp. 254–257. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19835-9_21

    Chapter  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Bartocci, E., Deshmukh, J., Donzé, A., Fainekos, G., Maler, O., Ničković, D., Sankaranarayanan, S.: Specification-based monitoring of cyber-physical systems: a survey on theory, tools and applications. In: Bartocci, E., Falcone, Y. (eds.) Lectures on Runtime Verification. LNCS, vol. 10457, pp. 135–175. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75632-5_5

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Donzé, A.: Breach, a toolbox for verification and parameter synthesis of hybrid systems. In: Touili, T., Cook, B., Jackson, P. (eds.) CAV 2010. LNCS, vol. 6174, pp. 167–170. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14295-6_17

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  6. Donzé, A., Maler, O.: Robust satisfaction of temporal logic over real-valued signals. In: Chatterjee, K., Henzinger, T.A. (eds.) FORMATS 2010. LNCS, vol. 6246, pp. 92–106. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15297-9_9

    Chapter  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Dosovitskiy, A., Ros, G., Codevilla, F., Lopez, A., Koltun, V.: CARLA: an open urban driving simulator. In: Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference on Robot Learning, pp. 1–16 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Dreossi, T., et al.: VerifAI: a toolkit for the formal design and analysis of artificial intelligence-based systems. In: Dillig, I., Tasiran, S. (eds.) CAV 2019. LNCS, vol. 11561, pp. 432–442. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25540-4_25

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Jin, X., Deshmukh, J.V., Kapinski, J., Ueda, K., Butts, K.: Powertrain control verification benchmark. In: Proceeding of 17th International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, pp. 253–262. HSCC ’14, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kapinski, J., et al.: St-lib: a library for specifying and classifying model behaviors. In: SAE Technical Paper. SAE International (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Maler, O., Nickovic, D.: Monitoring temporal properties of continuous signals. In: Lakhnech, Y., Yovine, S. (eds.) FORMATS/FTRTFT -2004. LNCS, vol. 3253, pp. 152–166. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30206-3_12

    Chapter  MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Nickovic, D., Yamaguchi, T.: RTAMT: online robustness monitors from STL. CoRR abs/2005.11827 (2020). https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.11827

  13. Shalev-Shwartz, S., Shammah, S., Shashua, A.: On a formal model of safe and scalable self-driving cars. CoRR abs/1708.06374 (2017). http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.06374

  14. Takahama, T., Akasaka, D.: Model predictive control approach to design practical adaptive cruise control for traffic jam. Int. J. Autom. Eng. 9, 99–104 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Tuncali, C.E., Fainekos, G., Prokhorov, D., Ito, H., Kapinski, J.: Requirements-driven test generation for autonomous vehicles with machine learning components. IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh. 5(2), 265–280 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Panagiotis Katsaros .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Zapridou, E., Bartocci, E., Katsaros, P. (2020). Runtime Verification of Autonomous Driving Systems in CARLA. In: Deshmukh, J., Ničković, D. (eds) Runtime Verification. RV 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12399. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60508-7_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60508-7_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-60507-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-60508-7

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics