Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Magnetism of Individual Nanoparticles Probed by X-Ray Photoemission Electron Microscopy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
New Trends in Nanoparticle Magnetism

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Materials Science ((SSMATERIALS,volume 308))

Abstract

Magnetic nanoparticles are of great interest for applications in fields ranging from biomedicine to spintronics. However, despite considerable work, their size-dependent magnetic properties are still poorly understood. In this chapter, we will introduce x-ray photoemission electron microscopy (XPEEM) as a spectromicroscopy technique ideally suited for the investigation of the magnetic properties of large numbers of individual nanoparticles in extended ensembles. Moreover, XPEEM can be combined with other microscopy techniques to achieve a direct correlation between magnetism, size, shape, and structure of the very same nanoparticles. This approach has led to the discovery of novel magnetic states in 3d transition metal nanoparticles characterized by strongly enhanced magnetic energy barriers, attributed to the strong impact of structural defects rather than to surface or interface contributions to the total magnetic anisotropy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. A.H. Lu, E.L. Salabas, F. Schüth, Angew. Chem. 46, 1222 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. D.L. Huber, Small 1, 482 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. J.L. Dormann, D. Fiorani, E. Tronc, Magnetic Relaxation in Fine-Particle Systems (Wiley, New York, 1997)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  4. R.H. Kodama, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 200, 359 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. A. Kleibert, A. Balan, R. Yanes, P.M. Derlet, C.A.F. Vaz, M. Timm, A. Fraile Rodríguez, A. Béché, J. Verbeeck, R.S. Dhaka, M. Radovic, U. Nowak, F. Nolting, Phys. Rev. B 95, 195404 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  6. D. Schmool, H. Kachkachi, Solid State Phys. 66, 301 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. M. Jamet, W. Wernsdorfer, C. Thirion, D. Mailly, V. Dupuis, P. Mélinon, A. Pérez, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4676 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. C. Gatel, F.J. Bonilla, A. Meffre, E. Snoeck, B. Warot-Fonro, B. Chaudret, L.M. Lacroix, T. Blon, Nano Lett. 15, 6952 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. E. Bauer, Surface Microscopy with Low Energy Electrons (Springer, New York, 2014)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  10. C.A.F. Vaz, A. Kleibert, M. El Kazzi, in Nanoscale XPEEM Spectromicroscopy 21st Century Nanoscience–A Handbook: Advanced Analytical Methods and Intrumentation, Vol. 3, ed. by D.S. Klaus (CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, London, New York, 2020)

    Google Scholar 

  11. C.M. Schneider, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 160, 9517 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  12. G. Schönhense, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 11, 9517 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. A. Scholl, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 7, 59 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. J. Stöhr, H.C. Siegmann, Magnetism (Springer, Berlin, 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  15. E. Beaurepaire, H. Bulou, F. Scheurer, J.P. Kappler (eds.), Magnetism: A Synchrotron Radiation Approach. Lect. Notes Phys. 697 (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  16. A. Locatelli, E. Bauer, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 20, 093002 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. F. Nolting, in Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation, ed. by E. Beaurepaire, H. Bulou, F. Scheurer, K. Jean-Paul (Springer, Berlin, 2010), pp. 345–366

    Google Scholar 

  18. W. Kuch, R. Schäfer, P. Fischer, F.U. Hillebrecht, Magnetic Microscopy of Layered Structures. Springer Series in Surface Sciences 57 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2015)

    Google Scholar 

  19. J. Rockenberger, F. Nolting, J. Lüning, J. Hu, A.P. Alivisatos, J. Chem. Phys. 116, 6322 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. A. Fraile Rodríguez, F. Nolting, J. Bansmann, A. Kleibert, L.J. Heyderman, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 316, 426 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  21. A. Fraile Rodríguez, A. Kleibert, J. Bansmann, A. Voitkans, L.J. Heyderman, F. Nolting, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 127201 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  22. A. Fraile Rodríguez, A. Kleibert, J. Bansmann, F. Nolting, J. Phys. D 43, 474006 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  23. S. Gangopadhyay, G.C. Hadjipanayis, B. Dale, C.M. Sorensen, K.J. Klabunde, V. Papaefthymiou, A. Kostikas, Phys. Rev. B 45, 9778 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. F. Bødker, S. Mørup, S. Linderoth, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 282 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. T. Ibusuki, S. Kojima, O. Kitakami, Y. Shimada, IEEE Trans. Magn. 37, 2223 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. D.L. Peng, T. Hihara, K. Sumiyama, H. Morikawa, J. Appl. Phys. 92, 3075 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. M. Jamet, W. Wernsdorfer, C. Thirion, V. Dupuis, P. Mélinon, A. Pérez, D. Mailly, Phys. Rev. B 69, 024401 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. J.P. Pierce, M.A. Torija, Z. Gai, J. Shi, T.C. Schulthess, G.A. Farnan, J.F. Wendelken, E.W. Plummer, J. Shen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 237201 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. A.V. Trunova, R. Meckenstock, I. Barsukov, C. Hassel, O. Margeat, M. Spasova, J. Lindner, M. Farle, J. Appl. Phys. 104, 093904 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. J. Carvell, E. Ayieta, A. Garvin, R. Cheng, V.R. Shah, P. Sokol, J. Appl. Phys. 107, 103913 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. J. Liu, K. Schliep, S.H. He, B. Ma, Y. Jing, D.J. Flannigan, J.P. Wang, Phys. Rev. Mater. 2, 054415 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. F. Kronast, N. Friedenberger, K. Ollefs, S. Gliga, L. Tati-Bismaths, R. Thies, A. Ney, R. Weber, C. Hassel, F.M. Römer, A.V. Trunova, C. Wirtz, R. Hertel, H.A. Dürr, M. Farle, Nano Lett. 11, 1710 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. A.P. Hitchcock, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 200, 49 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. G. Tinti, H. Marchetto, C.A.F. Vaz, A. Kleibert, M. Andrä, R. Barten, A. Bergamaschi, M. Brückner, S. Cartier, R. Dinapoli, E. Fröjdh, D. Greiffenberg, C. Lopez-Cuenca, D. Mezza, A. Mozzanica, F. Nolting, M. Ramilli, S. Redford, M. Ruat, C. Ruder, L. Schädler, T. Schmidt, B. Schmitt, F. Schütz, X. Shi, D. Thattil, S. Vetter, J. Zhang, J. Synchrotron Radiat. 24, 963 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. L. Le Guyader, A. Kleibert, A. Fraile Rodríguez, S. El Moussaoui, A. Balan, M. Buzzi, J. Raabe, F. Nolting, J. Electron. Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 185, 371 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  36. J. Stöhr, NEXAFS Spectroscopy (Springer, Heidelberg, 1996)

    Google Scholar 

  37. A. Scholl, M.A. Marcus, A. Doran, J. Nasiatka, A.T. Young, A.A. MacDowell, R. Streubel, N. Kent, J. Feng, W. Wan, H.A. Padmore, Ultramicroscopy 188, 77 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. A. Balan, P.M. Derlet, A. Fraile Rodríguez, J. Bansmann, R. Yanes, U. Nowak, A. Kleibert, F. Nolting, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 107201 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  39. J. Stöhr, S. Anders, IBM, J. Res. Dev. 44, 535 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  40. V.F. Puntes, K.M. Krishnan, A.P. Alivisatos, Science 291, 2115 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. O. Kitakami, H. Sato, Y. Shimada, F. Sato, M. Tanaka, Phys. Rev. B 56, 13849 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. R. Morel, A. Brenac, C. Portemont, T. Deutsch, L. Notin, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 308, 296 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. R. Masuda, Y. Kobayashi, S. Kitao, M. Kurokuzu, M. Saito, Y. Yoda, T. Mitsui, K. Hosoi, H. Kobayashi, H. Kitagawa, M. Seto, Sci. Rep. 6, 20861 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. H. Nagaoka, Ann. Phys. 295, 66 (1896)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. K. Fauth, G.A. Ballentine, C. Praetorius, A. Kleibert, N. Wilken, A. Voitkans, K.H. Meiwes-Broer, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 247, 1170 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. A. Kleibert, J. Passig, K.H. Meiwes-Broer, M. Getzlaff, J. Bansmann, J. Appl. Phys. 101, 114318 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. J. Bansmann, A. Kleibert, Appl. Phys. A 80, 957 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. T. Vystavel, G. Palasantzas, S.A. Koch, J.T.M. De Hosson, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 197 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. A. Kleibert, J. Bansmann, K.H. Meiwes-Broer, Phys. Rev. B 79, 125423 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. H.H. Rotermund, W. Engel, M. Kordesch, G. Ertl, Nature 343, 355 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. R. Imbihl, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 185, 347 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. W. Karim, C. Spreafico, A. Kleibert, J. Gobrecht, J. VandeVondele, Y. Ekinci, J.A. van Bokhoven, Nature 541, 68 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. C.A.F. Vaz, A. Balan, F. Nolting, A. Kleibert, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 26624 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. A. Pratt, L. Lari, O. Hovorka, A. Shah, C. Woffinden, S.P. Tear, C. Binns, R. Kroger, Nat. Mater. 13, 26 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. D.A. Garanin, H. Kachkachi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 065504 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. C.A.F. Vaz, J.A.C. Bland, G. Lauhoff, Rep. Prog. Phys. 71, 056501 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. J. Bansmann, S. Baker, C. Binns, J. Blackman, J.P. Bucher, J. Dorantes-Dávila, V. Dupuis, L. Favre, D. Kechrakos, A. Kleibert, K.H. Meiwes-Broer, G. Pastor, A. Perez, O. Toulemonde, K. Trohidou, J. Tuaillon, Y. Xie, Surf. Sci. Rep. 56, 189 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. M. Martins, W. Wurth, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 28, 503002 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  59. A. Kleibert, F. Bulut, R.K. Gebhardt, W. Rosellen, D. Sudfeld, J. Passig, J. Bansmann, K.H. Meiwes-Broer, M. Getzlaff, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 20, 445005 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. A. Balan, A. Fraile Rodríguez, C.A.F. Vaz, A. Kleibert, F. Nolting, Ultramicroscopy 159, 513 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  61. H. Fritzsche, H.J. Elmers, U. Gradmann, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 135, 343 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. E. Mlynczak, P. Luches, S. Valeri, J. Korecki, J. Appl. Phys. 113, 234315 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. P. Luches, S. Benedetti, A. di Bona, S. Valeri, Phys. Rev. B 81, 054431 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. A. Kleibert, A. Voitkans, K.H. Meiwes-Broer, Phys. Rev. B 81, 073412 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. T. Järvi, A. Kuronen, K. Meinander, K. Nordlund, K. Albe, Phys. Rev. B 75, 115422 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. A. Kleibert, A. Balan, A. Fraile Rodríguez, F. Nolting, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 521, 012003 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  67. W. Wernsdorfer, C. Thirion, N. Demoncy, H. Pascard, D. Mailly, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 242, 132 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. V. Baltz, A. Manchon, M. Tsoi, T. Moriyama, T. Ono, Y. Tserkovnyak, Rev. Mod. Phys. 90, 015005 (2018)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author thanks J. Bansmann, A. Fraile Rodríguez, K.-H. Meiwes-Broer, and F. Nolting for their contributions and their support in establishing XPEEM as an in situ probe for studying individual nanoparticles. C. A. F. Vaz is acknowledged for his contribution to the experiments, fruitful discussions, and critical reading of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Paul Scherrer Institut, Swiss Light Source, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

    Armin Kleibert

Authors
  1. Armin Kleibert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Armin Kleibert .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry (DCIC), Nanostructured Magnetic Materials (nM2) Lab, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

    Davide Peddis

  2. Institute of Structure of Matter (ISM), Nanostructured Magnetic Materials (nM2) Lab, Italy National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy

    Sara Laureti

  3. Institute of Structure of Matter (ISM), Nanostructured Magnetic Materials (nM2) Lab, Italy National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy

    Dino Fiorani

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kleibert, A. (2021). Magnetism of Individual Nanoparticles Probed by X-Ray Photoemission Electron Microscopy. In: Peddis, D., Laureti, S., Fiorani, D. (eds) New Trends in Nanoparticle Magnetism. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 308. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60473-8_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation