Abstract
Diversity alone has not established an inclusive productive global organizational culture. Under the umbrella of diversity, individual biases such as embedded ethnic bias, gender bias, lack of equity equality, alienation, microaggressions, social inequities, and work alienation between high- and low-status workers abound. Additionally, under the umbrella of diversity, organizational, systemic structural levels such as hierarchy, policies, procedures, practices, and lack of ethical accountability have not changed. For corporate sustainability and profitability, having an acceptable company culture is no longer an option. Company culture is scrutinized by today’s workers as much as salary and benefits, and workers expect excellent inclusive company culture along with other traditional benefits. Recent research establishes that organizational culture impacts employee performance, performance impacts corporate equity, and ultimately both create the organization’s brand, culture and attraction for high-performing dedicated employees. This chapter begins with a review of the evolution of leadership, continues with discussions of globalization, diversity and inclusion, data on the state of global organizational culture, and the paradigm shift to servant leadership. The author concludes with the introduction, theory, and implementation steps of Servant Leadership to an inclusive, diverse global organizational culture.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abrams, J. (2008). Companies we keep: Employee ownership and the business of community and place. Chelsea Green. https://www.chelseagreen.com/product/companies-we-keep/.
Anonymous. (2019, August 27). New study: Employees gearing up to leave jobs. The Public Record; Palm Desert, 44(69), 5–7. http://partneraccess.oclc.org/wcpa/serviet/Search?wcapi=1&wcpartner=proquesta&wcpartner=proquesta&wcautho=https://www.worldcat.org&wcissn=0744205X&wcdoctype=ser.
Barling, J. (2014). The science of leadership: Lessons from research for organizational leaders. Oxford University. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199757015.001.0001.
Becoming a Servant Leader. (2020). Berrett-Koehler Publishers. https://ideas.bkconnection.com/download-becoming-a-servant-leader.
Bernstein, R. S., Bulger, M., Salipante, P., & Weisinger, J. Y. (2019). From diversity to inclusion to equity: A theory of generative interactions. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04180-1.
Boston Consulting Group. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?channel=tus3&client=firefox-b-1-d&q=Boston+Consulting+Froup.
Brown, J. (2020). Inclusive leaders, inclusive workplaces: 5 reasons you can’t have one without the other. https://ideas.bkconnection.com/inclusive-leaders-inclusive-workplaces-5-reasons-you-cant-have-one-without-the-other.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2018). Civilian labor force by age, sex, race, and ethnicity. https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/civilian-labor-force-participation-rate.htm.
Cleveland, M. (2019). Appreciating vs venerating cultural outgroups: The Psychology of cosmopolitanism and xenocentrism. International Marketing Review, 36(3). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/imr-09-2018-0260.
Collins, J. (2001). Good to great: Why some companies make the leap…and others don’t. HarperCollins. https://www.harpercollins.com/.
Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1991). A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 16, 7–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879101600102.
Cowan, L. D. (2014). Leadership: Leading in a virtual environment—Guiding principles for nurse leaders. Nursing Economics, 32(6), 312–322. http://www.nursingeconomics.net/egi-bin/WebOjects/NECJournal.woa.
Cyert, R. (2006). Defining leadership and explicating the process. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 1(1), 29–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.4130010105.
Elkington, J. (1999). Cannibals with forks: The triple bottom line of 21st century business. New Society. https://www.wiley.com/en-us.
Emerging Workforce Study. (2019). https://www.spherion.com/workforce-insights/survey-findings/survey-findings-2019/.
George, W. (2003). Authentic leadership: Rediscovering the secrets to creating lasting value. Jossey-Bass. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Authentic+Leadership%3A+Rediscovering+the+Secrets+to+Creating+Lasting+Value-p-9780787969134.
Greenleaf, R. K. (2002). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power & greatness. Paulist. http://www.paulistpress.com.
Hall, E. T., & Hall, M. (1990). Understanding cultural differences. Intercultural Press, Inc. http://interculturalpress.com/shop/.
Hannah, S. T., Sumanth, J. J., Lester, P., & Cavaretta, F. (2014). Debunking the falso dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(5), 598–621. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.v35.5/issuetoc.
Hawken, P. (2007). Blessed unrest. Penguin Books. https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/291205/blessed-unrest-by-paul-hawken/.
Istrate, A. M. (2019). The Impact of Cultural Intelligence (CQ) on Global Business. Romanian Economic and Business Review, 14(3). http://www.rebe.rau.ro/REBE-FA19.pdf.
Jost, P. J. (2013). An economic theory of leadership styles. Review Management Science, 7, 365–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/sl1846-012-0081-1.
Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2000). Five factor model of personality and transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 751–756. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.5.751.
Karim, A. S., Zaki, A. R., & Mubeen, H. (2019). Managing workforce diversity in multicultural organizations: Some Observations. Journal of European Studies, 35(1), 79–91. https://journals.sagepub.com/home/jes.
Kazim, F. A. B. (2019). Digital transformation and leadership style: A multiple case study. The ISM Journal of International Business, New York, 3(1), 24–33. https://catalyst.library.jhu.edu/catalog/bib_8256750.
Korten, D. C. (2006). The great turning: From empire to earth community. Berrett-Koehler. https://www.bkconnection.com/.
Kriger, M., & Zhovtobryukh, Y. (2013). Rethinking strategic leadership: stars, clans, teams and networks. Journal of Management History, 18(1), 6–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/17511341211188628.
Laub, J. A. (1999). Assessing the servant organization: Development of the organizational leadership assessment instrument. Dissertation Abstracts International, 60(2), 308. https://www.worldcat.org/title/dissertation-abstracts-international/oclc/978678691.
Maranto, R. (2018). Waste connections: A servant leadership success story. In K. Blanchard & R. Broadwell (Eds.), Servant leadership in action: How you can achieve great relationships and results (pp. 231–245). Berrett-Kohler Publishers, Inc. https://www.bkconnection.com/.
Milanovic, B. (2020). The clash of capitalisms. Foreign Affairs, 99, 10–14, 16–21.
Mittal, R. (2015). Charismatic and transformational leadership styles: A cross-cultural perspective. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(3), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v10n3p26.
Murphy, W. (2018). Distinguishing diversity from inclusion in the workplace: Legal necessity or common sense conclusion? Journal of Business Diversity, 18(4), 65–83. https://articlegateway.com/index.php/JBD/index.
Murari, K., & Gupta, K. S. (2012). Impact of servant leadership on employee empowerment. Journal of Strategic Human Resources Management, 1(1), 28–37. http:www.manuscript.publishingindia.com/index.php/JSHRM.
Nart, S., Yaprak, B., Yildirim, Y. T., & Sarihan, A. Y. (2018). The relationship of diversity management and servant leadership with organizational identification and creativity in multinational enterprises. Finans Polotik & Ekonomik Yorumlar 2018 Cilt: 55 Sayi: 637. http://www.ekonomikyorumlar.com.tr/.
Nunez, C., Nunez Mahdi, R., & Popma, L. (2017). Intercultural sensitivity. From denial to intercultural competence. Koninklijjke van Gorcum, The Netherlands. https://www.vangorcum.nl/.
Parris, D. L., & Peachey, J. W. (2013). A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts. Journal of Business Ethics, 113(3), 377–393. https://www.springer.com/journal/10551.
Patel, S. (2015). 10 examples of companies with fantastic cultures. http://www.entrepreneur.com.
Piersanti, S. (2020). The new leadership paradigm. https://ideas.bkconnection.com/the-new-leadership-paradigm.
Pisek, P., & Wilson, T. (2001). Complexity, leadership, and management in healthcare organizations. British Medical Journal (BMJ), 323, 746–749. https://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g4168.
Rosinski, P. (2003). Coaching across cultures: New tools for leveraging national, corporate & professional differences. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. http://nicholasbrealey.com.
Schein, E. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership. Jossey-Bass. https://www.wiley.com/learn/jossey-bass/about.html.
Semler, R. (1993). Maverick: The success story behind the world’s most unusual workplace. Warner Business Books. https://openlibrary.org/publishers/Warner_Business_Books.
Setyaningrum, R. P. (2017). Relationship between servant leadership in organizational culture, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behaviour and customer satisfaction. European Research Studies Journal, 20(3A), 554–569. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/30054.
Sidorenko, V. (2020). Diverse workforces generate favorable results for U.S. Talent Acquisition Excellence Essentials; Aurora. https://www.hr.com/en/magazines/all_articles/diverse-workforces-generate-favorable-results-for-_k03sb621.html.
Sihombing, S., Astuti, E. S., Musadieq, M. A., Hamied, D., & Rahardjo, K. (2018). The effect of servant leadership on rewards, organizational culture and its implication for employee’s performance. International Journal of Law and Management, 60(2), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-12-2016-0174.
Spears, L. C. (1998). Insights on leadership: Service, stewardship, spirit, and servant leadership. Wiley. https://www.wiley.com/en-us.
State of Diversity & Inclusion 2020. (2020). http://www.hr.com.
Tanner, O. C. (2020). 2020 Global Culture Report. The O. C. Tanner Institute, 1930 S. State Street, Salt Lake City, UT 84115, United States of America. http://www.octanner.com.
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., Ng, K. Y., Rockstuhl, T., Tan, M. L., & Koh, C. (2012). Sub-dimensions of the four factor model of cultural intelligence: Expanding the conceptualization and measurement of cultural intelligence. Social and Personality Compass, 6(4), 295–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00429.x.
Vohra, N., & Nair, N. (2009). Bringing about large-scale change in an engineering college: Lessons and implications. Organization Development Journal; Chesterland, 27(4), 57–67.
Weisinger, J. Y., & Salipante, P. (2005). A grounded theory for building ethnically bridging social capital in voluntary organizations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 34(1), 29–55. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0899764004270069.
Wright, E. O. (2010). Envisioning real utopias. Verso. https://www.versobooks.com/books/463-envisioning-real-utopiasINTRODUCTION.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Daniels, L.M. (2021). Servant Leadership in a Globally Diverse and Inclusive Organizational Culture. In: Thakkar, B.S. (eds) Culture in Global Businesses. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60296-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60296-3_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-60295-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-60296-3
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)