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Archaeometallurgy: A Discipline Between Past and Future

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Handbook of Cultural Heritage Analysis

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Abstract

1. A Brief History

The determining role of metals in the development of civilization was already understood in antiquity. Since the end of the eighteenth century ancient metal objects started to be scientifically characterized. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the Positivists thought that the chemical investigations of ancient metals could solve historical and archaeological problems. Ancient metals became the object of relevant, ambitious, and extensive analytical investigations from the mid-1900s. At the same time, scholars such as Gordon Childe, Leroi-Gourhan, Stanley Smith, Tylecote, and Chernykh created a theoretical framework for archaeometallurgical studies. By the end of the twentieth century, relevant projects were published and new research fields explored.

2. Analytical Techniques

Archaeometallurgy is a multidisciplinary research field, where the analyses are carried out on archaeological and artistic artifacts to provide an answer to specific problems. The study of ancient metals is a preferential research field for nondestructive and noninvasive investigations, for example, X-rays, γ rays, ultrasonics, acoustic emission, and XRF. Anyhow, modern analytical techniques allow taking samples of very small dimensions: we can speak of minimally invasive investigations, for example, spectrometry (MS, NAA, AES) and metallography (optical and SEM). ICP-MS plays relevant roles in provenance studies by detecting the Pb isotopic composition.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Salento, Lecce, Italy

    Claudio Giardino

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  1. Claudio Giardino
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  1. Department of Geosciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta

    Sebastiano D'Amico

  2. University of Messina, Messina, Italy

    Valentina Venuti

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Giardino, C. (2022). Archaeometallurgy: A Discipline Between Past and Future. In: D'Amico, S., Venuti, V. (eds) Handbook of Cultural Heritage Analysis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60016-7_24

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