Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Brain Network Dysfunction in Bipolar Disorder: Evidence from Structural and Functional MRI Studies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Brain Network Dysfunction in Neuropsychiatric Illness

  • 803 Accesses

Abstract

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex psychiatric illness characterized by recurrent changes of mood, thought and behavior. Moreover, BD exhibits heterogeneous clinical features and variable degrees of cognitive deficits, which influence the patients’ clinical and functional outcome. Therefore, over the last decades, sophisticated non-invasive brain imaging techniques have been increasingly employed to increase our understanding of the etiology of this disabling disorder. However, up until now, the results of structural and functional MRI studies on BD have been rather inconsistent, leaving the neurobiological determinants of this complex illness largely unknown. This chapter provides an overview of the most relevant findings from the Magnetic Resonance Imaging studies on BD. It will focus on both neuroanatomical alterations – in terms of gray matter volume and white matter diffusion – and neurofunctional deficits – linked to emotional processing – associated with BD. Overall, morpho-functional and connectivity evidence points towards the hypothesis that BD is a brain disorder characterized by deficits in selective brain networks, which may ultimately explain the specific clinical and cognitive alterations of this disabling disorder. Nonetheless, despite a tentative neurobiological model of BD has been delineated, the mechanisms underpinning this disorder have not been fully elucidated yet. Therefore, further research on biomarkers is needed in order to push the shift towards personalized medicine and more tailored pharmacological treatments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Altamura, A.C., Maggioni, E., Dhanoa, T., Ciappolino, V., Paoli, R.A., Cremaschi, L., Prunas, C., Orsenigo, G., Caletti, E., Cinnante, C.M., Triulzi, F.M., Dell’Osso, B., Yatham, L., Brambilla, P., 2018. The impact of psychosis on brain anatomy in bipolar disorder: A structural MRI study. J Affect Disord 233, 100–109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, A.L., Lee, J.E., Lazar, M., Field, A,S., 2007. Diffusion tensor imaging of the brain. Neurotherapeutics. 4(3), 316–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurt.2007.05.011. PMID: 17599699; PMCID: PMC2041910.

  • Arnone, D., Cavanagh, J., Gerber, D., Lawrie, S.M., Ebmeier, K.P., McIntosh, A.M., 2009. Magnetic resonance imaging studies in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 195, 194–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baloch, H.A., Brambilla, P., Soares, J.C., 2009. Corpus callosum abnormalities in pediatric bipolar disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 9, 949–955.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birur, B., Kraguljac, N.V., Shelton, R.C., Lahti, A.C., 2017. Brain structure, function, and neurochemistry in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder-a systematic review of the magnetic resonance neuroimaging literature. NPJ Schizophr 3, 15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bora, E., Fornito, A., Yucel, M., Pantelis, C., 2012. The effects of gender on grey matter abnormalities in major psychoses: a comparative voxelwise meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychol Med 42, 295–307.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brambilla, P., Glahn, D.C., Balestrieri, M., Soares, J.C., 2005. Magnetic resonance findings in bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 28, 443–467.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brambilla, P., Harenski, K., Nicoletti, M., Mallinger, A.G., Frank, E., Kupfer, D.J., Keshavan, M.S., Soares, J.C., 2001a. MRI study of posterior fossa structures and brain ventricles in bipolar patients. J Psychiatr Res 35, 313–322.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brambilla, P., Harenski, K., Nicoletti, M.A., Mallinger, A.G., Frank, E., Kupfer, D.J., Keshavan, M.S., Soares, J.C., 2001b. Anatomical MRI study of basal ganglia in bipolar disorder patients. Psychiatry Res 106, 65–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brambilla, P., Hatch, J.P., Soares, J.C., 2008. Limbic changes identified by imaging in bipolar patients. Curr Psychiatry Rep 10, 505–509.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brambilla P, Nicoletti MA, Sassi RB, Mallinger AG, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Keshavan MS, Soares JC. Magnetic resonance imaging study of corpus callosum abnormalities in patients with bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Dec 1;54(11):1294–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brambilla, P., Tansella, M., 2009. What are the perspectives of human brain mapping in the field of bipolar disorder? Int Rev Psychiatry 21, 295–296.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delvecchio, G., Altamura, A.C., Soares, J.C., Brambilla, P., 2017. Pituitary gland in Bipolar Disorder and Major Depression: Evidence from structural MRI studies. J Affect Disord 218, 446–450.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delvecchio, G., Mandolini, G.M., Perlini, C., Barillari, M., Marinelli, V., Ruggeri, M., Altamura, A.C., Bellani, M., Brambilla, P., 2018. Pituitary gland shrinkage in bipolar disorder: The role of gender. Compr Psychiatry 82, 95–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frey, B.N., Zunta-Soares, G.B., Caetano, S.C., Nicoletti, M.A., Hatch, J.P., Brambilla, P., Mallinger, A.G., Soares, J.C., 2008. Illness duration and total brain gray matter in bipolar disorder: evidence for neurodegeneration? Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 18, 717–722.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hallahan, B., Newell, J., Soares, J.C., Brambilla, P., Strakowski, S.M., Fleck, D.E., Kieseppa, T., Altshuler, L.L., Fornito, A., Malhi, G.S., McIntosh, A.M., Yurgelun-Todd, D.A., Labar, K.S., Sharma, V., MacQueen, G.M., Murray, R.M., McDonald, C., 2011. Structural magnetic resonance imaging in bipolar disorder: an international collaborative mega-analysis of individual adult patient data. Biol Psychiatry 69, 326–335.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hibar, D.P., Westlye, L.T., Doan, N.T., Jahanshad, N., Cheung, J.W., Ching, C.R.K., Versace, A., Bilderbeck, A.C., Uhlmann, A., Mwangi, B., Kramer, B., Overs, B., Hartberg, C.B., Abe, C., Dima, D., Grotegerd, D., Sprooten, E., Boen, E., Jimenez, E., Howells, F.M., Delvecchio, G., Temmingh, H., Starke, J., Almeida, J.R.C., Goikolea, J.M., Houenou, J., Beard, L.M., Rauer, L., Abramovic, L., Bonnin, M., Ponteduro, M.F., Keil, M., Rive, M.M., Yao, N., Yalin, N., Najt, P., Rosa, P.G., Redlich, R., Trost, S., Hagenaars, S., Fears, S.C., Alonso-Lana, S., van Erp, T.G.M., Nickson, T., Chaim-Avancini, T.M., Meier, T.B., Elvsashagen, T., Haukvik, U.K., Lee, W.H., Schene, A.H., Lloyd, A.J., Young, A.H., Nugent, A., Dale, A.M., Pfennig, A., McIntosh, A.M., Lafer, B., Baune, B.T., Ekman, C.J., Zarate, C.A., Bearden, C.E., Henry, C., Simhandl, C., McDonald, C., Bourne, C., Stein, D.J., Wolf, D.H., Cannon, D.M., Glahn, D.C., Veltman, D.J., Pomarol-Clotet, E., Vieta, E., Canales-Rodriguez, E.J., Nery, F.G., Duran, F.L.S., Busatto, G.F., Roberts, G., Pearlson, G.D., Goodwin, G.M., Kugel, H., Whalley, H.C., Ruhe, H.G., Soares, J.C., Fullerton, J.M., Rybakowski, J.K., Savitz, J., Chaim, K.T., Fatjo-Vilas, M., Soeiro-de-Souza, M.G., Boks, M.P., Zanetti, M.V., Otaduy, M.C.G., Schaufelberger, M.S., Alda, M., Ingvar, M., Phillips, M.L., Kempton, M.J., Bauer, M., Landen, M., Lawrence, N.S., van Haren, N.E.M., Horn, N.R., Freimer, N.B., Gruber, O., Schofield, P.R., Mitchell, P.B., Kahn, R.S., Lenroot, R., Machado-Vieira, R., Ophoff, R.A., Sarro, S., Frangou, S., Satterthwaite, T.D., Hajek, T., Dannlowski, U., Malt, U.F., Arolt, V., Gattaz, W.F., Drevets, W.C., Caseras, X., Agartz, I., Thompson, P.M., Andreassen, O.A., 2018. Cortical abnormalities in bipolar disorder: an MRI analysis of 6503 individuals from the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group. Mol Psychiatry 23, 932-942.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hibar, D.P., Westlye, L.T., van Erp, T.G., Rasmussen, J., Leonardo, C.D., Faskowitz, J., Haukvik, U.K., Hartberg, C.B., Doan, N.T., Agartz, I., Dale, A.M., Gruber, O., Kramer, B., Trost, S., Liberg, B., Abe, C., Ekman, C.J., Ingvar, M., Landen, M., Fears, S.C., Freimer, N.B., Bearden, C.E., Costa Rica/Colombia Consortium for Genetic Investigation of Bipolar, E., Sprooten, E., Glahn, D.C., Pearlson, G.D., Emsell, L., Kenney, J., Scanlon, C., McDonald, C., Cannon, D.M., Almeida, J., Versace, A., Caseras, X., Lawrence, N.S., Phillips, M.L., Dima, D., Delvecchio, G., Frangou, S., Satterthwaite, T.D., Wolf, D., Houenou, J., Henry, C., Malt, U.F., Boen, E., Elvsashagen, T., Young, A.H., Lloyd, A.J., Goodwin, G.M., Mackay, C.E., Bourne, C., Bilderbeck, A., Abramovic, L., Boks, M.P., van Haren, N.E., Ophoff, R.A., Kahn, R.S., Bauer, M., Pfennig, A., Alda, M., Hajek, T., Mwangi, B., Soares, J.C., Nickson, T., Dimitrova, R., Sussmann, J.E., Hagenaars, S., Whalley, H.C., McIntosh, A.M., Thompson, P.M., Andreassen, O.A., 2016. Subcortical volumetric abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 21, 1710-1716.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschfeld, R.M., Lewis, L., Vornik, L.A., 2003. Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: how far have we really come? Results of the national depressive and manic-depressive association 2000 survey of individuals with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 64, 161-174.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houenou, J., d’Albis, M.A., Vederine, F.E., Henry, C., Leboyer, M., Wessa, M., 2012. Neuroimaging biomarkers in bipolar disorder. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 4, 593-606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Houenou, J., Perlini, C., Brambilla, P., 2015. Epidemiological and clinical aspects will guide the neuroimaging research in bipolar disorder. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 24(2), 117-120. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796014000766. Epub 2015 Jan 16. PMID: 25592435; PMCID: PMC6998109.

  • Hwang, J., Lyoo, I.K., Dager, S.R., Friedman, S.D., Oh, J.S., Lee, J.Y., Kim, S.J., Dunner, D.L., Renshaw, P.F., 2006. Basal ganglia shape alterations in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 163, 276-285.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D.S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C., Wang, P., 2010. Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. Am J Psychiatry 167, 748-751.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Insel, T.R., 2014. The NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Project: precision medicine for psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 171, 395-397.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ivleva, E.I., Bidesi, A.S., Keshavan, M.S., Pearlson, G.D., Meda, S.A., Dodig, D., Moates, A.F., Lu, H., Francis, A.N., Tandon, N., Schretlen, D.J., Sweeney, J.A., Clementz, B.A., Tamminga, C.A., 2013. Gray matter volume as an intermediate phenotype for psychosis: Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP). Am J Psychiatry 170, 1285-1296.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kempton, M.J., Geddes, J.R., Ettinger, U., Williams, S.C., Grasby, P.M., 2008. Meta-analysis, database, and meta-regression of 98 structural imaging studies in bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65, 1017-1032.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maggioni, E., Altamura, A.C., Brambilla, P., 2017a. Exploring the neuroanatomical bases of psychotic features in bipolar disorder. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 26, 358-363.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maggioni, E., Crespo-Facorro, B., Nenadic, I., Benedetti, F., Gaser, C., Sauer, H., Roiz-Santianez, R., Poletti, S., Marinelli, V., Bellani, M., Perlini, C., Ruggeri, M., Altamura, A.C., Diwadkar, V.A., Brambilla, P., group, E., 2017b. Common and distinct structural features of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: The European Network on Psychosis, Affective disorders and Cognitive Trajectory (ENPACT) study. PLoS One 12, e0188000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martino, D.J., Strejilevich, S.A., Scapola, M., Igoa, A., Marengo, E., Ais, E.D., Perinot, L., 2008. Heterogeneity in cognitive functioning among patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 109, 149-156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, C., Zanelli, J., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Ellison-Wright, I., Sham, P., Kalidindi, S., Murray, R.M., Kennedy, N., 2004. Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging brain morphometry studies in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 56, 411-417.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, N.P., Delbello, M.P., Adler, C.M., Strakowski, S.M., 2005. MRI analysis of cerebellar vermal abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 162, 1530-1532.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, M.L., Kupfer, D.J., 2013. Bipolar disorder diagnosis: challenges and future directions. Lancet 381, 1663-1671.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rimol, L.M., Hartberg, C.B., Nesvag, R., Fennema-Notestine, C., Hagler, D.J., Jr., Pung, C.J., Jennings, R.G., Haukvik, U.K., Lange, E., Nakstad, P.H., Melle, I., Andreassen, O.A., Dale, A.M., Agartz, I., 2010. Cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 68, 41-50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sassi, R.B., Nicoletti, M., Brambilla, P., Harenski, K., Mallinger, A.G., Frank, E., Kupfer, D.J., Keshavan, M.S., Soares, J.C., 2001. Decreased pituitary volume in patients with bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 50, 271-280.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selvaraj, S., Arnone, D., Job, D., Stanfield, A., Farrow, T.F., Nugent, A.C., Scherk, H., Gruber, O., Chen, X., Sachdev, P.S., Dickstein, D.P., Malhi, G.S., Ha, T.H., Ha, K., Phillips, M.L., McIntosh, A.M., 2012. Grey matter differences in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. Bipolar Disord 14, 135-145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Squarcina, L., Fagnani, C., Bellani, M., Altamura, C.A., Brambilla, P., 2016. Twin studies for the investigation of the relationships between genetic factors and brain abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 25, 515-520.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, T., Malhi, G.S., Wood, S.J., Walterfang, M., Yucel, M., Lorenzetti, V., Soulsby, B., Suzuki, M., Velakoulis, D., Pantelis, C., 2009. Increased pituitary volume in patients with established bipolar affective disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 33, 1245-1249.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vieta, E., Salagre, E., Grande, I., Carvalho, A.F., Fernandes, B.S., Berk, M., Birmaher, B., Tohen, M., Suppes, T., 2018. Early Intervention in Bipolar Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 175, 411-426.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wessa, M., Perlini, C., Brambilla, P., 2015. Neuropsychological underpinnings of the dynamics of bipolar disorder. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 24, 479-483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whiteford, H.A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A.J., Ferrari, A.J., Erskine, H.E., Charlson, F.J., Norman, R.E., Flaxman, A.D., Johns, N., Burstein, R., Murray, C.J., Vos, T., 2013. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 382, 1575-1586.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Womer, F.Y., Wang, L., Alpert, K.I., Smith, M.J., Csernansky, J.G., Barch, D.M., Mamah, D., 2014. Basal ganglia and thalamic morphology in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 223, 75-83.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, Caleb M, John Adams, Ba P Melissa DelBello, Scott K Holland, Vince Schmithorst, Ari Levine, BS Kelly, Jarvis, and Bse M Stephen Strakowski. 2006. “Evidence of White Matter Pathology in Bipolar Disorder Adolescents Experiencing Their First Episode of Mania: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study.” Am J Psychiatry. Vol. 163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adler, Caleb M, Scott K Holland, Vince Schmithorst, Marko Wilke, Kenneth L Weiss, Hai Pan, and Stephen M Strakowski. 2004. “Abnormal Frontal White Matter Tracts in Bipolar Disorder: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study.” Bipolar Disorders 6 (3):197–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basser, Peter J., and Carlo Pierpaoli. 1996. “Microstructural and Physiological Features of Tissues Elucidated by Quantitative-Diffusion-Tensor MRI.” Journal of Magnetic Resonance – Series B 111 (3):209–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, Isabelle E, Austin Ouyang, Benson Mwangi, Marsal Sanches, Giovana B Zunta-Soares, Richard S E Keefe, Hao Huang, and Jair C Soares. 2015. “Reduced White Matter Integrity and Verbal Fluency Impairment in Young Adults with Bipolar Disorder: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study.” Journal of Psychiatric Research 62 (March). NIH Public Access:115–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaulieu, Christian. 2002. “The Basis of Anisotropic Water Diffusion in the Nervous System – A Technical Review.” NMR in Biomedicine 15 (7–8):435–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellani, Marcella, Ping-Hong Yeh, Michele Tansella, Matteo Balestrieri, Jair C Soares, and Paolo Brambilla. 2009. “DTI Studies of Corpus Callosum in Bipolar Disorder.” Biochem Soc Trans 37:1096–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyer, John L, Warren D Taylor, James R MacFall, Maragatha Kuchibhatla, Martha E Payne, James M Provenzale, Frederick Cassidy, and K Ranga R Krishnan. 2005. “Cortical White Matter Microstructural Abnormalities in Bipolar Disorder.” Neuropsychopharmacology 30 (12):2225–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bihan, D Le, Eric Breton, D Lallemand, P Grenier, E Cabanis, and M Laval-Jeantet. 1986. “MR Imaging of Intravoxel Incoherent Motions: Application to Diffusion and Perfusion in Neurologic Disorders.” Radiology 161:401–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruno, S, M Cercignani, and M A Ron. 2008. “White Matter Abnormalities in Bipolar Disorder: A Voxel-Based Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study.” Bipolar Disorders 10 (4):460–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haarman, Bartholomeus C.M. (‘Benno’), Rixt F. Riemersma – Van der Lek, Huibert Burger, Jan Cees de Groot, Hemmo A. Drexhage, Willem A. Nolen, and Leonardo Cerliani. 2016. “Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Euthymic Bipolar Disorder – A Tract-Based Spatial Statistics Study.” Journal of Affective Disorders 203:281–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, J, S Iwabuchi, S Oowise, V Balain, L Palaniyappan, and P F Liddle. 2015. “Shared White-Matter Dysconnectivity in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder with Psychosis.” Psychological Medicine 45 (4). Europe PMC Funders:759–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurumaji, Akeo, Michio Itasaka, Akihito Uezato, Kazuo Takiguchi, Daisuke Jitoku, Mizue Hobo, and Toru Nishikawa. 2017. “A Distinctive Abnormality of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Parameters in the Fornix of Patients with Bipolar II Disorder.” Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 266 (August):66–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magioncalda, Paola, Matteo Martino, Benedetta Conio, Niccolò Piaggio, Roxana Teodorescu, Andrea Escelsior, Valentina Marozzi, et al. 2016. “Patterns of Microstructural White Matter Abnormalities and Their Impact on Cognitive Dysfunction in the Various Phases of Type I Bipolar Disorder.” Journal of Affective Disorders 193:39–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nortje, Gareth, Dan J. Stein, Joaquim Radua, David Mataix-Cols, and Neil Horn. 2013. “Systematic Review and Voxel-Based Meta-Analysis of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Studies in Bipolar Disorder.” Journal of Affective Disorders 150 (2):192–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oertel-Knöchel, Viola, Britta Reinke, Gilberto Alves, Alina Jurcoane, Sofia Wenzler, David Prvulovic, David Linden, and Christian Knöchel. 2014. “Frontal White Matter Alterations Are Associated with Executive Cognitive Function in Euthymic Bipolar Patients.” Journal of Affective Disorders 155:223–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarrazin, Samuel, Cyril Poupon, Julia Linke, Michèle Wessa, Mary Phillips, Marine Delavest, Amelia Versace, et al. 2014. “A Multicenter Tractography Study of Deep White Matter Tracts in Bipolar I Disorder.” JAMA Psychiatry 71 (4):388.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Stephen M, Mark Jenkinson, Heidi Johansen-Berg, Daniel Rueckert, Thomas E Nichols, Clare E Mackay, Kate E Watkins, et al. 2006. “Tract-Based Spatial Statistics: Voxelwise Analysis of Multi-Subject Diffusion Data.”

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprooten, Emma, Jennifer Barrett, D Reese McKay, Emma E Knowles, Samuel R Mathias, Anderson M Winkler, Margaret S Brumbaugh, et al. 2016. “A Comprehensive Tractography Study of Patients with Bipolar Disorder and Their Unaffected Siblings.” Human Brain Mapping 37 (10):3474–85.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Squarcina, L., M. Bellani, M.G. Rossetti, C. Perlini, G. Delvecchio, N. Dusi, M. Barillari, et al. 2017a. “Similar White Matter Changes in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: A Tract-Based Spatial Statistics Study.” PLoS ONE 12 (6).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, Zhong Yi, Josselin Houenou, Delphine Duclap, Samuel Sarrazin, Julia Linke, Claire Daban, Nora Hamdani, et al. 2017. “Shape Analysis of the Cingulum, Uncinate and Arcuate Fasciculi in Patients with Bipolar Disorder.” Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : JPN 42 (1):27–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sussmann, Jessika E., G. Katherine S. Lymer, James Mckirdy, T. William J. Moorhead, Susana Muñoz Maniega, Dominic Job, Jeremy Hall, et al. 2009. “White Matter Abnormalities in Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia Detected Using Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging.” Bipolar Disorders 11 (1):11–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toteja, Nitin, Perihan Guvenek-Cokol, Toshikazu Ikuta, Vivian Kafantaris, Bart D Peters, Katherine E Burdick, Majnu John, Anil K Malhotra, and Philip R Szeszko. 2015. “Age-Associated Alterations in Corpus Callosum White Matter Integrity in Bipolar Disorder Assessed Using Probabilistic Tractography.” Bipolar Disorders 17 (4):381–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wessa, Michèle, Josselin Houenou, Marion Leboyer, Sandra Chanraud, Cyril Poupon, Jean Luc Martinot, and Marie Laure Paillère-Martinot. 2009. “Microstructural White Matter Changes in Euthymic Bipolar Patients: A Whole-Brain Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study.” Bipolar Disorders 11 (5):504–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yip, Sarah W, Rebecca A Chandler, Robert D Rogers, Clare E Mackay, and Guy M Goodwin. 2013. “White Matter Alterations in Antipsychotic- and Mood Stabilizer-Naïve Individuals with Bipolar II/NOS Disorder.” NeuroImage. Clinical 3. Elsevier:271–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Almeida JR, Versace A, Hassel S, Kupfer DJ, Phillips ML. Elevated amygdala activity to sad facial expressions: a state marker of bipolar but not unipolar depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Mar 1;67(5):414-21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altshuler L, Bookheimer S, Townsend J, Proenza MA, Sabb F, Mintz J, Cohen MS. Regional brain changes in bipolar I depression: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Bipolar Disord 2008; 10: 708-717.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bora E. Neurocognitive features in clinical subgroups of bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2018 Mar 15; 229:125-134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brambilla P, Cerruti S, Bellani M, Perlini C, Ferro A, Marinelli V, Giusto D, Tomelleri L, Rambaldelli G, Tansella M, Diwadkar VA. Shared impairment in associative learning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jun 1;35(4):1093-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brambilla P, Perlini C, Bellani M, Tomelleri L, Ferro A, Cerruti S, Marinelli V, Rambaldelli G, Christodoulou T, Jogia J, Dima D, Tansella M, Balestrieri M, Frangou S. Increased salience of gains versus decreased associative learning differentiate bipolar disorder from schizophrenia during incentive decision making. Psychol Med. 2013 Mar;43(3):571-80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brotman MA, Tseng WL, Olsavsky AK, Fromm SJ, Muhrer EJ, Rutenberg JG, Deveney CM, Adleman NE, Zarate CA, Pine DS, Leibenluft E. Fronto-limbic-striatal dysfunction in pediatric and adult patients with bipolar disorder: impact of face emotion and attentional demands. Psychol Med. 2014 Jun;44(8):1639-51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CH, Lennox B, Jacob R, Calder A, Lupson V, Bisbrown-Chippendale R, Suckling J, Bullmore E. Explicit and implicit facial affect recognition in manic and depressed States of bipolar disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59: 31-39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cipriani G, Danti S, Carlesi C, Cammisuli DM, Di Fiorino M. Bipolar Disorder and Cognitive Dysfunction: A Complex Link. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2017 Oct;205(10):743-756.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delvecchio G, Fossati P, Boyer P, Brambilla P, Falkai P, Gruber O, Hietala J, Lawrie SM, Martinot JL, McIntosh AM, Meisenzahl E, Frangou S. Common and distinct neural correlates of emotional processing in Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder: a voxel-based meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012 Feb;22(2):100-13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deveney CM, Brotman MA, Thomas LA, Hinton KE, Muhrer EM, Reynolds RC, Adleman NE, Zarate CA Jr, Pine DS, Leibenluft E. Neural response during explicit and implicit face processing varies developmentally in bipolar disorder. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2014 Dec;9(12):1984-92.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Diler RS, de Almeida JR, Ladouceur C, Birmaher B, Axelson D, Phillips M. Neural activity to intense positive versus negative stimuli can help differentiate bipolar disorder from unipolar major depressive disorder in depressed adolescents: a pilot fMRI study. Psychiatry Res. 2013 Dec 30;214(3):277-84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dima D, de Jong S, Breen G, Frangou S. The polygenic risk for bipolar disorder influences brain regional function relating to visual and default state processing of emotional information. Neuroimage Clin. 2016 Nov 1;12:838-844.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dima D, Jogia J, Collier D, Vassos E, Burdick KE, Frangou S. Independent modulation of engagement and connectivity of the facial network during affect processing by CACNA1C and ANK3 risk genes for bipolar disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Dec;70(12):1303-11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dusi N, De Carlo V, Delvecchio G, Bellani M, Soares JC, Brambilla P. MRI features of clinical outcome in bipolar disorder: A selected review. J Affect Disord. 2018 Jun 1. pii: S0165-0327(18)30913-3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagnani C, Bellani M, Soares JC, Stazi MA, Brambilla P. Discordant twins as a tool to unravel the aetiology of bipolar disorder. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2014 Jun;23(2):137–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Foland-Ross LC, Bookheimer SY, Lieberman MD, Sugar CA, Townsend JD, Fischer J, Torrisi S, Penfold C, Madsen SK, Thompson PM, Altshuler LL. Normal amygdala activation but deficient ventrolateral prefrontal activation in adults with bipolar disorder during euthymia. Neuroimage. 2012 Jan 2;59(1):738–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fusar-Poli P, Placentino A, Carletti F, Landi P, Allen P, Surguladze S, Benedetti F, Abbamonte M, Gasparotti R, Barale F, Perez J, McGuire P, Politi P. Functional atlas of emotional faces processing: A voxelbased meta-analysis of 105 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2009; 34: 418–432.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grotegerd D, Stuhrmann A, Kugel H, Schmidt S, Redlich R, Zwanzger P, Rauch AV, Heindel W, Zwitserlood P, Arolt V, Suslow T, Dannlowski U. Amygdala excitability to subliminally presented emotional faces distinguishes unipolar and bipolar depression: an fMRI and pattern classification study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014 Jul;35(7):2995–3007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hafeman DM, Chang KD, Garrett AS, Sanders EM, Phillips ML. Effects of medication on neuroimaging findings in bipolar disorder: an updated review. Bipolar Disord. 2012 Jun;14(4):375–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hafeman DM, Bebko G, Bertocci MA, Fournier JC, Bonar L, Perlman SB, Travis M, Gill MK, Diwadkar VA, Sunshine JL, Holland SK, Kowatch RA, Birmaher B, Axelson D, Horwitz SM, Arnold LE, Fristad MA, Frazier TW, Youngstrom EA, Findling RL, Drevets W, Phillips ML. Abnormal deactivation of the inferior frontal gyrus during implicit emotion processing in youth with bipolar disorder: attenuated by medication. J Psychiatr Res. 2014 Nov;58:129–36.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hajek T, Weiner MW. Neuroprotective Effects of Lithium in Human Brain? Food for Thought. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2016;13(8):862–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hassel S, Almeida JR, Kerr N, Nau S, Ladouceur CD, Fissell K, Kupfer DJ, Phillips ML. Elevated striatal and decreased dorsolateral prefrontal cortical activity in response to emotional stimuli in euthymic bipolar disorder: no associations with psychotropic medication load. Bipolar Disord 2008; 10: 916–927.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hulvershorn LA, Karne H, Gunn AD, Hartwick SL, Wang Y, Hummer TA, Anand A.Neural activation during facial emotion processing in unmedicated bipolar depression, euthymia, and mania. Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Apr 1;71(7):603–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim P, Thomas LA, Rosen BH, Moscicki AM, Brotman MA, Zarate CA Jr, Blair RJ, Pine DS, Leibenluft E. Differing amygdala responses to facial expressions in children and adults with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;169(6):642–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ladouceur CD, Farchione T, Diwadkar V, Pruitt P, Radwan J, Axelson DA, Birmaher B, Phillips ML. Differential patterns of abnormal activity and connectivity in the amygdala-prefrontal circuitry in bipolar-I and bipolar-NOS youth. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Dec;50(12):1275–89.e2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence NS, Williams AM, Surguladze S, Giampietro V, Brammer MJ, Andrew C, Frangou S, Ecker C, Phillips ML. Subcortical and ventral prefrontal cortical neural responses to facial expressions distinguish patients with bipolar disorder and major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55: 578–587.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lennox BR, Jacob R, Calder AJ, Lupson V, Bullmore ET. Behavioural and neurocognitive responses to sad facial affect are attenuated in patients with mania. Psychol Med 2004; 34: 795–802.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Blond BN, van Dyck LI, Spencer L, Wang F, Blumberg HP: Trait and state corticostriatal dysfunction in bipolar disorder during emotional face processing. Bipolar Disord 2012; 14: 432–441

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Malhi GS, Lagopoulos J, Sachdev PS, Ivanovski B, Shnier R, Ketter T. Is a lack of disgust something to fear? A functional magnetic resonance imaging facial emotion recognition study in euthymic bipolar disorder patients. Bipolar Disord 2007;9: 345–357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mandolini GM, Lazzaretti M, Pigoni A, Delvecchio G, Soares JC, Brambilla P. The impact of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on cognition in Bipolar Disorder: A review. J Affect Disord. 2018 Jul 24. pii: S0165-0327(18)30909-1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Arán A, Vieta E, Reinares M, Colom F, Torrent C, Sánchez-Moreno J, Benabarre A, Goikolea JM, Comes M, Salamero M. Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Feb;161(2):262–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pavuluri MN, O’Connor MM, Harral E, Sweeney JA. Affective neural circuitry during facial emotion processing in pediatric bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Jul 15;62(2):158–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perlini C, Marini A, Garzitto M, Isola M, Cerruti S, Marinelli V, Rambaldelli G, Ferro A, Tomelleri L, Dusi N, Bellani M, Tansella M, Fabbro F, Brambilla P. Linguistic production and syntactic comprehension in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012 Nov;126(5):363–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perlman SB, Fournier JC, Bebko G, Bertocci MA, Hinze AK, Bonar L, Almeida JR, Versace A, Schirda C, Travis M, Gill MK, Demeter C, Diwadkar VA, Sunshine JL, Holland SK, Kowatch RA, Birmaher B, Axelson D, Horwitz SM, Arnold LE, Fristad MA, Youngstrom EA, Findling RL, Phillips ML. Emotional face processing in pediatric bipolar disorder: evidence for functional impairments in the fusiform gyrus. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013 Dec;52(12):1314–1325.e3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raucher-Chéné D, Achim AM, Kaladjian A, Besche-Richard C. Verbal fluency in bipolar disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2017 Jan 1;207:359–366.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sassi RB, Nicoletti M, Brambilla P, Mallinger AG, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Keshavan MS, Soares JC. Increased gray matter volume in lithium-treated bipolar disorder patients. Neurosci Lett. 2002 Aug 30;329(2):243–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Squarcina L, Houenou J, Altamura AC, Soares J, Brambilla P. Association of increased genotypes risk for bipolar disorder with brain white matter integrity investigated with tract-based spatial statistics. J Affect Disord. 2017b Oct 15;221:312–317.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugihara G, Kane F, Picchioni MM, Chaddock CA, Kravariti E, Kalidindi S, Rijsdijk F, Toulopoulou T, Curtis VA, McDonald C, Murray RM, McGuire P. Effects of risk for bipolar disorder on brain function: A twin and family study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017 May;27(5):494–503.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Surguladze SA, Marshall N, Schulze K, Hall MH, Walshe M, Bramon E, Phillips ML, Murray RM, McDonald C. Exaggerated neural response to emotional faces in patients with bipolar disorder and their first-degree relatives. Neuroimage. 2010; 53: 58–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swann AC, Lijffijt M, Lane SD, Steinberg JL, Moeller FG. Severity of bipolar disorder is associated with impairment of response inhibition. J Affect Disord. 2009 Jul;116(1–2):30–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tesli M, Kauppi K, Bettella F, Brandt CL, Kaufmann T, Espeseth T, Mattingsdal M, Agartz I, Melle I, Djurovic S, Westlye LT, Andreassen OA. Altered Brain Activation during Emotional Face Processing in Relation to Both Diagnosis and Polygenic Risk of Bipolar Disorder. PLoS One. 2015 Jul 29;10(7):e0134202.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Townsend J, Altshuler LL. Emotion processing and regulation in bipolar disorder: a review. Bipolar Disord 2012; 14: 326–339.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vizueta N, Rudie JD, Townsend JD, Torrisi S, Moody TD, Bookheimer SY, Altshuler LL: Regional fMRI hypoactivation and altered functional connectivity during emotion processing in nonmedicated depressed patients with bipolar II disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2012; 169:831–840

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wessa M, Perlini C, Brambilla P. Neuropsychological underpinnings of the dynamics of bipolar disorder. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2015b Dec;24(6):479–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander AL, Lee JE, Lazar M, Field AS. Diffusion tensor imaging of the brain. Neurotherapeutics. 2007 Jul;4(3):316-29. doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2007.05.011. PMID:17599699; PMCID: PMC2041910.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houenou J, Perlini C, Brambilla P. Epidemiological and clinical aspects will guide the neuroimaging research in bipolar disorder. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2015 Apr;24(2):117-20. doi: 10.1017/S2045796014000766. Epub 2015 Jan 16. PMID: 25592435; PMCID: PMC6998109.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Giuseppe Delvecchio, Letizia Squarcina & Paolo Brambilla

  2. Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

    Eleonora Maggioni & Paolo Brambilla

Authors
  1. Giuseppe Delvecchio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Eleonora Maggioni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Letizia Squarcina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Paolo Brambilla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paolo Brambilla .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State U School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA

    Vaibhav A. Diwadkar

  2. Heinrich-Heine Univ Düsseldorf, Institut für Klinische Neurowissenschaft, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich Jülich, North Rhine - Westphalia, Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Simon B. Eickhoff

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Delvecchio, G., Maggioni, E., Squarcina, L., Brambilla, P. (2021). Brain Network Dysfunction in Bipolar Disorder: Evidence from Structural and Functional MRI Studies. In: Diwadkar, V.A., B. Eickhoff, S. (eds) Brain Network Dysfunction in Neuropsychiatric Illness. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59797-9_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation