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Un scandale: Franco à l’UNESCO: The Franco Dictatorship and the Struggle for International Representation in the Social Sciences

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Science, Culture and National Identity in Francoist Spain, 1939–1959

Abstract

Nicolás Sesma deals with the cultural strategies of Franco’s regime, with particular emphasis on its desire to become the sole representative of Spanish science and culture in the eyes of the international community. For that purpose, he takes the social sciences as a case study. First, he analyses the history of the creation and consolidation of the social sciences in Spain, which reflects the political dynamic of the country at that time, marked by the rivalry between the dominant state religion model and the alternative project of liberal-democratic nationalization, promoted by the JAE. Secondly, he analyses the situation after the end of the Spanish Civil War, and how, after francoist's Spain entry into UNESCO in 1952, the regime intellectuals and their academic production succeeded in supplanting the exiled authors as representatives of national culture.

This work was funded by the research project HAR2017-85967-P, “The University Labor Service (SUT) in Franco’s Spain. A comparative European perspective (1950–1970),” directed by prof. Miguel Ángel Ruiz Carnicer and financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Camus (2017): 190.

  2. 2.

    United Nations General Assembly. Resolutions (A/RES): Resolution 39 (I). “Relations of Members of the United Nations with Spain,” 12 December 1946.

  3. 3.

    Dulphy (2007): 313–316.

  4. 4.

    A/RES: Resolution 386 (V). “Relations of States Members and specialized agencies with Spain,” 4 November 1950.

  5. 5.

    See the contribution by Lorenzo DELGADO in this volume.

  6. 6.

    Sochor (1991): 41–44. “… since Spanish airspace could not be removed from aeronautical maps by the stroke of a pen, some pragmatic way had to be found to accommodate the ‘unwelcome guest’. For all practical purposes, Spain was never considered a pariah state within ICAO, and when the time came for it to re-join the Organisation, it was given a seat on the Council […] In fact, ICAO had been working behind the scenes to maintain relations with that country”.

  7. 7.

    Claret (2019): 299–302.

  8. 8.

    García Velasco (2007): 157–199.

  9. 9.

    Weber (1976): 303–338.

  10. 10.

    Sesma (2013): 386–415.

  11. 11.

    López Sánchez (2006).

  12. 12.

    Moreno Luzón (2003): 207–235.

  13. 13.

    Nuñez Seixas (2018): 267–297.

  14. 14.

    Archive of the Council for the Development of Studies and Scientific Research (AJAE), File of Julián Ribera (JAE/122-151); Castillejo (1999): 265–285.

  15. 15.

    AJAE, File of Luis Recasens Siches (JAE/121-72).

  16. 16.

    AJAE, File of Francisco Ayala (JAE/13-611).

  17. 17.

    AJAE, File of José Medina Echavarría (JAE/98-481).

  18. 18.

    Gómez Arboleya (1958a): 69; Gómez Arboleya (1958b): 821–839.

  19. 19.

    Malet (2008): 212.

  20. 20.

    Álvarez-Uría and Varela (1992): 58.

  21. 21.

    Larraz (1948): 40.

  22. 22.

    Turner (1992): 1.

  23. 23.

    Otero Carvajal (2006): 59.

  24. 24.

    Giner (1990): 52.

  25. 25.

    Ribes and Morales (2017): 625–635.

  26. 26.

    Morcillo (2012): 612.

  27. 27.

    Camprubí (2017): 9–14.

  28. 28.

    Herf (1985) and Griffin (2007).

  29. 29.

    Presas (2005): 197–218.

  30. 30.

    Sesma (2017): 90–116; Saz (2003): 270.

  31. 31.

    See the contribution by Albert PRESAS in this volume.

  32. 32.

    Turner (1992): 2.

  33. 33.

    See the contribution by Antonio NIÑO in this volume.

  34. 34.

    Pecourt (2014): 130–138; Campo (2001): 161–180.

  35. 35.

    Reig Tapia (1990): 80.

  36. 36.

    Ayensa (1950): 2044–2054.

  37. 37.

    Recasens Siches (1950): 274.

  38. 38.

    Biblioteca de Catalunya. Fons Joan Estelrich (BC.FE). Box 1: “Delasheras. Comment on Unesco conference. Paris, July 14”: n.d. (1951).

  39. 39.

    BC.FE. Box 1: “Order of 6 November 1952 by which the Spanish Observer Commission is named at the General Conference of UNESCO”; “Notes on UNESCO” n.d. (1951).

  40. 40.

    Martínez Lillo (1993): 313–317.

  41. 41.

    BC.FE. Box 1:“Circular of the Subsecretariat of Popular Education. Tétouan Provincial Office,” 25 October 1952; “Confidential Telegram by the General Press Office. High Commission of Spain in Morocco,” 21 November 1952.

  42. 42.

    BC.FE. Box 1: File “UNESCO. Spain’s admission 1952”: Miguel Zelayeta,”Spain has been at UNESCO”, n.d. (1952);“Spain at UNESCO,” España, 20 November 1952.

  43. 43.

    BC.FE. Box 1: “Spain’s participation in UNESCO. Organizational outline,” December 1951.

  44. 44.

    Ibid.

  45. 45.

    BC.FE. Box 1: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. General Office of Foreign Policy, “Naming of deputy delegate to UNESCO,” 28 April 1953. Box 2: Correspondence between Luis Díez del Corral and Joan Estelrich, 26 January, 8 and 11 March, 5 and 13 April and 23 May 1949.

  46. 46.

    Gaziel (2010): 291.

  47. 47.

    Pla (2015): 9–20.

  48. 48.

    Estelrich (2012): 248.

  49. 49.

    Marín (2018): 600–603 and Massot (1998): 65–172.

  50. 50.

    BC.FE. Box 2: “Note for the Secretary,” 13 November 1957.

  51. 51.

    BC.FE. Box 1: “Organization of Spain’s intervention at UNESCO. Complementary notes” (1952).

  52. 52.

    BC.FE. Box 2: Joan Estelrich, “Study of the program and budget of UNESCO” (August 1954).

  53. 53.

    REP (1961): 147–151. The directors of the Association were as follows: president: Francisco Javier Conde; secretary: Carlos Ollero; spokespersons: Luis Diez del Corral, Eduardo García de Enterría, Torcuato Fernández Miranda and José Luis Villar Palasí.

  54. 54.

    Archivo General de la Administración [General Archive of the Administration] (AGA), IEP Collection, Box 26/4034, Letter from Francisco Javier Conde to Eduardo García de Enterría, 5 January 1956.

  55. 55.

    REP (1958–1959): 3–245. Campo (1975).

  56. 56.

    Ollero (1960): 81–102.

  57. 57.

    AGA, Section on Presidency, General Secretariat of the Movement, Box 51/18540, “Note,” 24 June 1960.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France

    Nicolás Sesma

  2. Casa de Velázquez, Madrid, Spain

    Nicolás Sesma

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  1. Nicolás Sesma
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Correspondence to Nicolás Sesma .

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  1. Department of Humanities, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

    Marició Janué i Miret

  2. Department of Humanities, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

    Albert Presas i Puig

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Sesma, N. (2021). Un scandale: Franco à l’UNESCO: The Franco Dictatorship and the Struggle for International Representation in the Social Sciences. In: Janué i Miret, M., Presas i Puig, A. (eds) Science, Culture and National Identity in Francoist Spain, 1939–1959 . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58646-1_16

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