Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Grasping the Terminology: Smart Services, Smart Service Systems, and Cyber-Physical Systems

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Smart Service Management

Abstract

During the past years, we can observe a rise of the concepts service systems, smart service systems, and cyber-physical systems. However, distinct definitions are either very broad or contradict each other. As a result, several characteristics appear around these terms, which also miss distinct allocations and relationships to the underlying concepts. Thus, in order to achieve a common understanding of the terminology used within this book, this chapter defines the concepts of service systems, smart service systems, and cyber-physical systems as well as related characteristics.

This chapter is based on the paper Martin et al. (2019).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akkaya, I., Derler, P., Emoto, S., & Lee, E. A. (2016). Systems engineering for industrial cyber – physical systems using aspects. In Proceedings of the IEEE (Vol. 104, pp. 997 – 1012).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alter, S. (2008). Service system fundamentals: Work system, value chain, and life cycle. IBM Systems Journal, 47(1), 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alter, S. (2011). Metamodel for service design and service innovation: Integrating service activities, service systems, and value constellations. In D. F. Galletta & T.-P. Liang (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems. Association for Information Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alter, S. (2017a). Answering key questions for service science. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Systems (pp. 1822–1836).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alter, S. (2017b). Service system axioms that accept positive and negative outcomes and impacts of service systems. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (pp. 1–21).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baekgaard, L. (2009). Service scenarios - a socio-technical approach to business service modeling. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, A., Venkatasubramanian, K. K., Mukherjee, T., & Gupta, S. K. S. (2012). Ensuring safety, security, and sustainability of mission-critical cyber-physical systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE (Vol. 100, pp. 283–299).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barile, S., & Polese, F. (2010). Smart service systems and viable service systems: Applying systems theory to service science. Service Science, 2(1/2), 21–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baxter, G., & Sommerville, I. (2011). Socio-technical systems: From design methods to systems engineering. Interacting with Computers, 23, 4–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beverungen, D., Müller, O., Matzner, M., Mendling, J., & Vom Brocke, J. (2019). Conceptualizing smart service systems. Electronic Markets, 29, 7–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blohm, I., Haas, P., Peters, C., Jakob, T., & Leimeister, J. M. (2016). Managing disruptive innovation through service systems – the case of crowdlending in the banking industry. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (pp. 1–15).

    Google Scholar 

  • Böhmann, T., Leimeister, J. M., & Möslein, K. (2014). Service Systems Engineering. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 6(2), 73–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bostrom, R. P., Heinen, J. S., & Heinen, J. S. (1977). MIS problems and failures: A socio- technical perspective part I: The causes. MIS Quarterly, 1(3), 17–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulding, K. E. (1956). General systems theory: The skeleton of science. Management Science, 2, 197–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, B. J. M., & Atkins, E. M. (2012). Toward continuous state–space regulation of coupled cyber–physical systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE (Vol. 100, pp. 60–74)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brust, L., Antons, D., Breidbach, C. F., & Salge, T. O. (2017). Service-dominant logic and information systems research: A review and analysis using topic modeling. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burmester, M., Magkos, E., & Chrissikopoulos, V. (2012). Modeling security in cyber-physical systems. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 5(3–4), 118–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cartelli, A. (2007). Socio-technical theory and knowledge construction: Towards new pedagogical paradigms? Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, 4, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, H., Chiang, R. H. L., & Storey, V. C. (2012). Business intelligence and analytics: From big data to big impact. Mis Quarterly, 36(4), 1165–1188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davenport, T., & Harris, J. (2017). Competing on analytics: Updated, with a new introduction: The new science of winning. Boston: Harvard Business Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Santo, M., Pietrosanto, A., Napoletano, P., & Carrubbo, L. (2011). Knowledge based service systems. In System theory and service science: integrating three perspectives in a new service agenda (pp. 24–39).

    Google Scholar 

  • Derler, P., Lee, E. A., & Sangiovanni Vincentelli, A. (2012). Modeling cyber-physical systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dörbecker, R., & Böhmann, T. (2015). FAMouS – Framework for architecting modular services. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (pp. 1–18).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dörbecker, R., Tokar, O., & Böhmann, T. (2015). Deriving design principles for improving service modularization methods - lessons learnt from the complex integrated health care service system. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Systems (pp. 0–15).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, B., Elaluf-calderwood, S., Sørensen, C., & Eaton, B. (2015). Distributed tuning of boundary resources: the case of Apple’s iOS service system. MIS Quarterly, 39(1), 217–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edvardsson, B., Ng, G., Min, C. Z., Firth, R., & Yi, D. (2011). Does service-dominant design result in a better service system? Journal of Service Management, 22(4), 540–556.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gharbi, G., Guermouche, N., & Monteil, T. (2014). Temporal verification of mobile publish/subscribe machine-to-machine communications. In Proceeding of IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (pp. 2–4).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gideon, J. M., Dagli, C. H., & Miller, A. (2005). Taxonomy of systems-of-systems. In Conference on Systems Engineering Research, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gölzer, P., Cato, P., & Amberg, M. (2015). Data processing requirements of industry 4.0-use cases for big data applications. In Proceedings of the European Conference On Information Systems (pp. 1–13).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruettner, A., Richter, J., & Basten, D. (2017). Explaining the role of service-oriented architecture for cyber-physical systems by establishing logical links. In Proceedings of the ECIS (pp. 1853–1868)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunes, V., Peter, S., Givargis, T., & Vahid, F. (2014). A survey on concepts, applications, and challenges in cyber-physical systems. KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems, 8(12), 4242–4268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, S., Xie, M., Chen, H. H., & Ling, Y. (2014). Intrusion detection in cyber-physical systems: Techniques and challenges. IEEE Systems Journal, 8(4), 1049–1059.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauser, M., Günther, S. A., Flath, C. M., & Thiesse, F. (2017). Designing pervasive information systems: A fashion retail case study. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (pp. 1–16).

    Google Scholar 

  • Herterich, M. M., Eck, A., & Uebernickel, F. (2016). Exploring how digitized products enable industrial service innovation – An affordance perspective. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Höckmayr, B., & Roth, A. (2017). Design of a method for service systems engineering in the digital age. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (pp. 1–23).

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, X., & Dong, J. (2018). Reliable control policy of cyber-physical systems against a class of frequency-constrained sensor and actuator attacks. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, 48(12), 3432–3439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaakkola, E., & Alexander, M. (2014). The role of customer engagement behavior in value co-creation: A service system perspective. Journal of Service Research, 17(3), 247–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janiesch, C., & Diebold, J. (2016). Conceptual modeling of event processing networks. In Proceedings of the European Conference On Information Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaskolka, J., & Villasenor, J. (2017). Identifying implicit component interactions in distributed cyber-physical systems. In Proceedings of the HICSS (p. 10).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jin, J., Gubbi, J., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M. (2014). An information framework for creating a smart city through internet of things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 1(2), 112–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jirkovsky, V., Obitko, M., & Marik, V. (2017). Understanding data heterogeneity in the context of cyber-physical systems integration. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 13(2), 660–667.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang, W., Kapitanova, K., & Son, S. (2012). RDDS: A real-time data distribution service for cyber-physical systems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 8(2), 393–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinschmidt, S., Burkhard, B., Hess, M., Peters, C., & Leimeister, J. M. (2016). Towards design principles for aligning human-centered service systems and corresponding business models. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (pp. 2–11).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinschmidt, S., & Peters, C. (2017). Towards an integrated evaluation of human-centered service systems and corresponding business models: A systems theory perspective. In Proceedings of the ECIS (pp. 3060–3070).

    Google Scholar 

  • Knote, R., & Blohm, I. (2016). It’s not about having ideas - It’s about making ideas happen! Fostering exploratory innovation with the intrapreneur accelerator. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, E. A. (2008). Cyber physical systems: Design challenges. In 2008 11th IEEE International Symposium on Object and Component-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing (pp. 363–369). Washington: IEEE Computer Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, M. M., & Peters, C. (2016). Mastering shakedown through the user: The need for user-generated services in techno change. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim, C., & Maglio, P. P. (2018). Data-driven understanding of smart service systems through text mining. Service Science, 10(2), 154–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lintula, J., Tuunanen, T., & Salo, M. (2017). Conceptualizing the value co-destruction process for service systems: Literature review and synthesis. In Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1632–1641).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maglio, P., & Lim, C.-H. (2016). Innovation and big data in smart service systems. Journal of Innovation Management, 4(1), 11–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maglio, P. P. (2014). Editorial column — Smart service systems. Service Science, 6(1), i–ii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maglio, P. P., & Spohrer, J. (2008). Fundamentals of service science. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 36(1), 18–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maglio, P. P., Vargo, S. L., Caswell, N., & Spohrer, J. (2009). The service system is the basic abstraction of service science. Information Systems and e-Business Management, 7(4 SPEC. ISS.), 395–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maier, M. W. (1998). Architecting principles for systems of systems. Systems Engineering, 1(4), 267–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D., Hirt, R., & Kühl, N. (2019). Service systems, smart service systems and cyber-physical systems—What’s the difference? Towards a unified terminology. In 14. Internationale Tagung Wirtschaftsinformatik 2019 (WI 2019), Siegen, Germany, February 24–27 (pp. 17–31).

    Google Scholar 

  • Matzner, M., & Scholta, H. (2014). Process mining approaches to detect organizational properties in cyber-physical systems. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Medina-Borja, A. (2015). Editorial column—smart things as service providers: A call for convergence of disciplines to build a research agenda for the service systems of the future. Service Science, 7(1), ii–v.

    Google Scholar 

  • Motta, G., You, L., Sacco, D., & Miceli, G. (2014). Mobility service systems: Guidelines for a possible paradigm and a case study. In Proceedings of 2014 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (pp. 48–53).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuzzo, P., Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A. L., Bresolin, D., Geretti, L., & Villa, T. (2015). A platform-based design methodology with contracts and related tools for the design of cyber-physical systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE (Vol. 103, pp. 2104–2132).

    Google Scholar 

  • Parolini, L., Sinopoli, B., Krogh, B. H., & Wang, Z. K. (2012). A cyber-physical systems approach to data center modeling and control for energy efficiency. In Proceedings of the IEEE (Vol. 100, pp. 254–268).

    Google Scholar 

  • Poovendran, R. (2010). Cyber-physical systems: Close encounters between two parallel worlds. In Proceedings of the IEEE (Vol. 98, pp. 1363–1366).

    Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, R. G. (2009). Computational thinking of service systems: Dynamics and adaptiveness modeling. Service Science, 1(1), 42–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajhans, A., Bhave, A., Ruchkin, I., Krogh, B. H., Garlan, D., Platzer, A., & Schmerl, B. (2014). Supporting heterogeneity in cyber-physical systems architectures. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 59, 3178–3193.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Ralyté, J., Khadraoui, A., & Léonard, M. (2015). Designing the shift from information systems to information services systems. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 57(1), 37–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro, F., Rettberg, A., Pereira, C. E., & Soares, M. S. (2017). A model-based engineering methodology for requirements and formal design of embedded and real-time systems. In Proceedings of the HICSS (pp. 6131–6140).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagawa, T. (2013). Thermodynamics of information processing in small systems. Springer Theses. Tokyo: Springer Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saldaña, J. (2009). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampigethaya, K., & Poovendran, R. (2013). Aviation cyber-physical systems: Foundations for future aircraft and air transport. In Proceedings of the IEEE (Vol. 101, pp. 1834–1855).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanislav, T., & Miclea, L. (2012). An agent-oriented approach for cyber-physical system with dependability features. In Proceedings of 2012 IEEE International Conference on Automation, Quality and Testing, Robotics (pp. 356–361).

    Google Scholar 

  • Siaterlis, C., & Genge, B. (2011). Theory of evidence-based automated decision making in cyber-physical systems. In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Smart Measurements of Future Grids (SMFG) Proceedings (pp. 107–112).

    Google Scholar 

  • Spohrer, J., Maglio, P., Bailey, J., & Gruhl, D. (2007). Steps toward a science of service systems. Computer, 40(1), 71–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spohrer, J., Siddike, M. A. K., & Kohda, Y. (2017). Rebuilding evolution: A service science perspective. In Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1663–1672).

    Google Scholar 

  • Standards Coordinating Committee of the Computer Society of the IEEE (1990). IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sztipanovits, J., Koutsoukos, X., Karsai, G., Kottenstette, N., Antsaklis, P., Gupta, V., Goodwine, B., Baras, J., & Wang, S. (2012). Toward a science of cyber-physical system integration. In Proceedings of the IEEE (Vol. 100, pp. 29–44)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabuada, P., Caliskan, S. Y., Rungger, M., & Majumdar, R. (2014). Towards robustness for cyber-physical systems. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 59(12), 3151–3163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2004). The four service marketing myths: Remnants of a goods-based, manufacturing model. Journal of Service Research, 6(4), 324–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkitasubramaniam, P., Yao, J., & Pradhan, P. (2015). Information-theoretic security in stochastic control systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE (Vol. 103, pp. 1914–1931).

    Google Scholar 

  • von Bertalanffy, L. (1950). An outline of general system theory. The British Journal For Philosophy Of Science, 1(2), 134–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wan, J., Chen, M., Xia, F., Li, D., & Zhou, K. (2013). From machine-to-machine communications towards cyber-physical systems. Computer Science and Information Systems, 10(3), 1105–1128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, F. J., Kao, Y. F., & Tseng, Y. C. (2011). From wireless sensor networks towards cyber physical systems. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 7(4), 397–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yao, J., Xu, X., & Liu, X. (2016). MixCPS: Mixed time/event-triggered architecture of cyber – physical systems. In Proceeding of IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, X., & Xue, Y. (2017). Beyond smart grid—a cyber–physical–social system in energy future. In Proceedings of the IEEE (Vol. 105, pp. 2290–2292).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Z., Lin, Y., & Yue, F. (2014). Service-dominant logic for exploring modular business service system. In Proceedings of 2014 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (pp. 108–112).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany

    Dominik Martin & Niklas Kühl

  2. University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Maria Maleshkova

Authors
  1. Dominik Martin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Niklas Kühl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Maria Maleshkova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dominik Martin .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Maria Maleshkova

  2. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Niklas Kühl

  3. Schaeffler Monitoring Services GmbH, Herzogenrath, Germany

    Philipp Jussen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Martin, D., Kühl, N., Maleshkova, M. (2020). Grasping the Terminology: Smart Services, Smart Service Systems, and Cyber-Physical Systems. In: Maleshkova, M., Kühl, N., Jussen, P. (eds) Smart Service Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58182-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58182-4_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-58181-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-58182-4

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation