Abstract
Procrastination is a widespread self-regulatory failure. It consists in voluntarily delaying work despite expecting to be worse-off the day after. Procrastination impacts students’ performance and well-being. Therefore it is argued that universities could and should play a more active role in helping freshmen improve their time management. We designed an intervention to scaffold regular work for large university classes in a platform-independent, easily scalable, and transferable manner. Our intervention consisted in sending a weekly e-mail reminding to complete chapter quizzes. These quizzes were closing shortly after the end of the chapter. The content of the reminder e-mails varied across our five experimental groups to additionally include different types of personalised advice. We performed the intervention during one month on 1130 freshmen of a blended university course. We study whether regularly sending e-mails improves work regularity and final performance. We also study the impact the e-mail content on work regularity and performance. As a result, we show that simple e-mail reminders were able to improve regularity in filling quizzes, the total number of quizzes filled, and the progress in overall performance. We also show that e-mail content matters and that complex personalised advice was counter-productive in our intervention.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ariely, D., Wertenbroch, K.: Procrastination, deadlines, and performance: self-control by precommitment. Am. Psychol. Soc. 13(3), 219–224 (2002)
Bannert, M., Hildebrand, M., Mengelkamp, C.: Computers in human behavior effects of a metacognitive support device in learning environments. Comput. Hum. Behav. 25(4), 829–835 (2009)
Beaumont, C., Moscrop, C., Canning, S.: Easing the transition from school to HE: scaffolding the development of self-regulated learning through a dialogic approach to feedback. J. Further High. Educ. 40(3), 331–350 (2016)
Bixler, B.A.: The effects of scaffolding student’s problem-solving process via question prompts on problem solving and intrinsic motivation in an online learning environment, vol. 68. The Pennsylvania State University (2007)
Bjork, R.A., Dunlosky, J., Kornell, N.: Self-regulated learning: beliefs, techniques, and illusions. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 64, 417–444 (2013)
Blumenstein, M., Liu, D.Y.T., Richards, D., Leichtweis, S., Stephens, J.M.: Data-informed nudges for student engagement and success. In: Lodge, J.M., Horvath, J.C., Corrin, L. (eds.) Learning Analytics in the Classroom Translating Learning Analytics for Teachers, pp. 185–207. Routledge (2018)
Dabbagh, N., Kitsantas, A.: Using web-based pedagogical tools as scaffolds for self-regulated learning. Instr. Sci. 33, 513–540 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-005-1278-3
Dabbagh, N., Kitsantas, A.: Using learning management systems as metacognitive tools to support self-regulation in higher education contexts. In: Azevedo, R., Aleven, V. (eds.) International Handbook of Metacognition and Learning Technologies. SIHE, vol. 28, pp. 197–211. Springer, New York (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5546-3_14
Eckert, M., Ebert, D.D., Lehr, D., Sieland, B., Berking, M.: Overcome procrastination: enhancing emotion regulation skills reduce procrastination. Learn. Individ. Differ. 52, 10–18 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.10.001
Eerde, W.V.: A meta-analytically derived nomological network of procrastination. Personality Individ. Differ. 35, 1401–1418 (2003)
Fritzsche, B.A., Young, B.R., Hickson, K.C.: Individual differences in academic procrastination tendency and writing success. Personality Individ. Differ. 35, 1549–1557 (2003)
Greene, J.A., Moos, D.C., Azevedo, R.: Self-regulation of learning with computer-based learning environments. In: New Directions for Teaching and Learning, pp. 107–115, no. 126 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.449
Gwizdka, J., Chignell, M.: Individual differences and task-based user interface evaluation: a case study of pending tasks in email. Interact. Comput. 16(4), 769–797 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2004.04.008
Häfner, A., Oberst, V., Stock, A.: Avoiding procrastination through time management: an experimental intervention study. Educ. Stud. 40(3), 352–360 (2014)
Hill, J.R., Hannafin, M.J.: Teaching and learning in digital environments: the resurgence of resource-based learning. Educ. Technol. Res. Dev. 49(3), 37–52 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02504914
Hu, H.: Effects of self-regulated learning strategy training on learners’ achievement, motivation and strategy use in a web-enhanced instructional environment. Dissertation Abstracts International, UMI No. AA (2007)
Kauffman, D.F., Ge, X., Xie, K., Chen, C.H.: Prompting in web-based environments: supporting self-monitoring and problem solving skills in college students. J. Educ. Comput. Res. 38(2), 115–137 (2008)
Kim, K.R., Seo, E.H.: The relationship between procrastination and academic performance: a meta-analysis. Personality Individ. Differ. 82, 26–33 (2015)
Kimball, D.R., Metcalfe, J.: Delaying judgments of learning affects memory, not metamemory. Mem. Cogn. 31(6), 918–929 (2003). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196445
Kizilcec, R.F., Pérez-sanagustín, M., Maldonado, J.J.: Recommending self-regulated learning strategies does not improve performance in a MOOC. In: Proceedings of the Third (2016) ACM Conference on Learning@ Scale, pp. 101–104 (2016)
Lynch, J.: Effective Ph.D. Candidate Series (2008)
Maguire, S., Evans, S.E., Dyas, L.: Approaches to learning: a study of first-year geography undergraduates. J. Geogr. High. Educ. 25(1), 95–107 (2001)
der Meer, J., Jansen, E., Torenbeek, M.: It’s almost a mindset that teachers need to change: first-year students need to be inducted into time management. Stud. High. Educ. 35(7), 777–791 (2010)
Moon, S.M., Illingworth, A.J.: Exploring the dynamic nature of procrastination: a latent growth curve analysis of academic procrastination. Personality Individ. Differ. 38, 297–309 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.04.009
Núñez, J.C., Cerezo, R., Bernardo, A., Rosário, P., Valle, A., Fernández, E.: Implementation of training programs in self-regulated learning strategies in Moodle format: results of a experience in higher education. Psicothema 23(2), 274–281 (2011)
Rabin, L.A., Fogel, J., Nutter-upham, K.E.: Academic procrastination in college students: the role of self-reported executive function. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 33(3), 344–357 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2010.518597
Rowe, F.A., Rafferty, J.A.: Instructional design interventions for supporting self-regulated learning: enhancing academic outcomes in postsecondary e-learning environments. MERLOT J. Online Learn. Teach. 9(4), 590–601 (2013)
Saito, H., Miwa, K.: Construction of a learning environment supporting learners? reflection: a case of information seeking on the Web. Comput. Educ. 49(2), 214–229 (2007)
Schmitz, B., Wiese, B.S.: New perspectives for the evaluation of training sessions in self-regulated learning: time-series analyses of diary data. Contemp. Educ. Psychol. 31, 64–96 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2005.02.002
Steel, P.: The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychol. Bull. 133(1), 65–94 (2007)
Tabuenca, B., Kalz, M., Drachsler, H., Specht, M.: Time will tell: the role of mobile learning analytics in self-regulated learning. Comput. Educ. 89, 53–74 (2015)
Unsworth, K., Kauter, K.: Evaluating an earlybird scheme: encouraging early assignment writing and revising. High. Educ. Res. Dev. 27(1), 69–76 (2008)
Wäschle, K., Lachner, A., Stucke, B., Rey, S., Frömmel, C., Nückles, M.: Computers in human behavior effects of visual feedback on medical students’ procrastination within web-based planning and reflection protocols. Comput. Hum. Behav. 41, 120–136 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.022
Wong, J., et al.: Supporting self-regulated learning in online learning environments and MOOCs: a systematic review. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact. 35(4–5), 356–373 (2019)
Zheng, L.: The effectiveness of self-regulated learning scaffolds on academic performance in computer-based learning environments: a meta-analysis. Asia Pacific Educ. Rev. 17(2), 187–202 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-016-9426-9
Zimmerman, B.J., Shunk, D.H.: Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: Theoretical Perspectives. Routledge, New York (2001)
Zimmerman, B.J.: Developing self-fulfilling cycles of academic regulation: an analysis of exemplary models. In: Schunk, D.H., Zimmerman, B.J. (eds.) Self-Regulated Learning: From Teaching to Self-Reflective Practice, pp. 1–19. Guilford Press, New York (1998)
Zimmerman, B.J.: Attaining self-regulation: a social cognitive perspective. In: Handbook of Self-Regulation, pp. 13–39. Elsevier (2000)
Acknowledgement
We thank the teachers of the course for supporting this research, specifically Laurence Rezeau and Frédéric Daigne, CAPSULE and Yves Noël for technical support, the precious, thorough, and timely rereading of Clément Choukroun, and Aymeric Dieuleveut for statistical insights.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Nikolayeva, I., Yessad, A., Laforge, B., Luengo, V. (2020). Does an E-mail Reminder Intervention with Learning Analytics Reduce Procrastination in a Blended University Course?. In: Alario-Hoyos, C., Rodríguez-Triana, M.J., Scheffel, M., Arnedillo-Sánchez, I., Dennerlein, S.M. (eds) Addressing Global Challenges and Quality Education. EC-TEL 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12315. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57717-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57717-9_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-57716-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-57717-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)