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Dams and their Impacts on Fishes in Iran

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Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth

Part of the book series: Aquatic Ecology Series ((AQEC,volume 11))

Abstract

Various impacts of dams on aquatic organisms have been well documented in the recent past. The construction of a dam can make significant changes in the ecosystem of a river and particularly affect fish communities including obstruct the upward migration, reduce the genetic diversity and affect morphology, reproduction and growth indices, etc. After China and Turkey, Iran is the third country in dam construction in the world. Construction of dams is essential for socio-economic development in an arid country like Iran. Dams construction started since 1950s in Iran, which to date there are more than 600 (big and small) constructed dams reported from the country. Despite various benefits, construction of dams has also many assessable negative environmental impacts particularly on fishes. About 300 fish species (≅ 100 endemics) listed from water basins of Iran, which the fauna is mostly affected by the dams. The damming and its effects on fish populations in Iran is reviewed. As a result, almost no environmental considerations (in relation with ichthyofauna) have been observed in the damming, such that these dams normally designed and constructed without any fishways or fish ladders. Therefore, the dams mainly could (1) change aquatic ecosystems, (2) make limitation for downstream dispersal and blocking the upstream migration altogether, (3) periodically dried out downstream, (4) produce morphologically/genetically different populations in up and downstream and (5) affect the growth indices and reproductive characteristics, etc. Also, the introduction of non-native/invasion fishes into the reservoirs is an important threat for native fish communities. The diadromous species within the families Acipenseridae, Cyprinidae, Gobiidae, Petromyzontidae and Salmonidae were negatively affected by dams, whereas some native cyprinids and loaches those threatened by the drought were positively associated with the damming, where they could survive themselves in the reservoirs. It can be concluded that dams in Iran have negatively affected native – especially migratory – fish species by blocking their migration routes, whereas favouring non-native/invasion fish species, or altering existing aquatic habitats. Conservation programmes favouring native/endemic fishes in the constructed dams are strongly recommended, and fishways should be mandatory in the under construction/planned dams.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resource, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

    Hamed Mousavi-Sabet

  2. The Caspian Sea Basin Research Center, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

    Hamed Mousavi-Sabet

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  1. School of Environmental and Animal Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

    Laith A. Jawad

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Mousavi-Sabet, H. (2021). Dams and their Impacts on Fishes in Iran. In: Jawad, L.A. (eds) Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth. Aquatic Ecology Series, vol 11. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0_17

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