Abstract
Academic tourism is a worldwide phenomenon that has experienced significant growth during the last decades. International academic mobility programs allow students and professors to know other educational models, immerse themselves in different cultures and societies, and travel while studying abroad. Furthermore, international mobility programs benefit academic destinations. Host academic institutions benefit directly from the mobility programs (e.g., academic fees, international alumni, academic reputation), and the destinations receive indirect spillovers out of the living expenses of the beneficiaries. Moreover, current and former visiting students are an essential source of information for future visiting students. Understanding the effect of student exchange programs in the local economy demands inquiry about the key drivers influencing ex-ante mobility choices and ex-post behaviors. This study investigates whether and how the students’ visiting experience at a foreign academic institution influences the willingness to revisit the destination for leisure purposes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The survey is available at https://economiadeempresa.eu.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_8lat9X9Bkp9r3I9
References
Abubakar AM (2016) Does eWOM influence destination trust and travel intention: a medical tourism perspective. Econ Res-Ekon Istraživanja 29:598–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2016.1189841
Abubakar AM, Shneikat BHT, Oday A (2014) Motivational factors for educational tourism: a case study in Northern Cyprus. Tour Manag Perspect 11:58–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2014.04.002
Ajzen I (2011) The theory of planned behaviour: reactions and reflections. Psychol Health 26:1113–1127. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.613995
Ali F, Rasoolimanesh SM, Sarstedt M et al (2018) An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in hospitality research. Int J Contemp Hosp Manag 30:514–538. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2016-0568
Antón-Rodriguez X, Martínez-Roget F (2013) Academic tourism: a more sustainable tourism. Reg Sect Econ Stud 13:89–98
Armitage CJ, Conner M (2001) Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: a meta-analytic review. Br J Soc Psychol 40:471–499
Bagozzi RP, Yi Y (1991) Multitrait-multimethod matrices in consumer research. J Consum Res 17:426–439. https://doi.org/10.1086/208568
Beard JG, Ragheb MG (1980) Measuring leisure satisfaction. J Leis Res 12:20–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1980.11969416
Benitez J, Henseler J, Castillo A, Schuberth F (2019) How to perform and report an impactful analysis using partial least squares: guidelines for confirmatory and explanatory IS research. Inf Manag 57:103168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2019.05.003
Bento JPC (2014) The determinants of international academic tourism demand in Europe. Tour Econ 20:611–628. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2013.0293
Bigné JE, Sánchez MI, Sánchez J (2001) Tourism image, evaluation variables and after purchase behaviour: inter-relationship. Tour Manag 22:607–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00035-8
Blackwell RD, Engel JF, Miniard PW (2001) Consumer behavior, 9th edn. Harcourt College, Ft. Worth
Borrie WT, Roggenbuck JW (2001) The dynamic, emergent, and multi-phasic nature of on-site wilderness experiences. J Leis Res 33:202–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2001.11949938
Cheah J-H, Memon MA, Chuah F et al (2018) Assessing reflective models in marketing research: a comparison between pls and PLSc estimates. Int J Bus Soc 19:139–160
Crompton JL (1979) An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image. J Travel Res 17:18–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757901700404
Dann GM (1981) Tourist motivation an appraisal. Ann Tour Res 8(2):187–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(81)90082-7
Ekeh PP (1974) Social exchange theory: the two traditions. Heinemann, London
European Commission Erasmus+ (2018) Erasmus+ annual report 2017: statistical annex
Fisher RJ, Price LL (1992) An investigation into the social context of early adoption behavior. J Consum Res 19:477–486. https://doi.org/10.1086/209317
Fodness D (1994) Measuring tourist motivation. Ann Tour Res 21:555–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)90120-1
González-Rodríguez MR, Martínez-Torres R, Toral S (2016) Post-visit and pre-visit tourist destination image through eWOM sentiment analysis and perceived helpfulness. Int J Contemp Hosp Manag 28:2609–2627. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-02-2015-0057
Hair JF, Risher JJ, Sarstedt M, Ringle CM (2019) When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. Eur Bus Rev 31:2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Han H, Meng B, Kim W (2017) Emerging bicycle tourism and the theory of planned behavior. J Sustain Tour 25:292–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1202955
Harazneh I, Al-Tall RM, Al-Zyoud MF, Abubakar AM (2018) Motivational factors for educational tourism: marketing insights. Manag Mark 13:796–811. https://doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2018-0006
Harman HH (1976) Modern factor analysis. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Harrison-Walker LJ (2001) The measurement of word-of-mouth communication and an investigation of service quality and customer commitment as potential antecedents. J Serv Res 4:60–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/109467050141006
Henseler J, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M (2015) A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. J Acad Mark Sci 43:115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Huang S, Hsu CHC (2009) Effects of travel motivation, past experience, perceived constraint, and attitude on revisit intention. J Travel Res 48:29–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287508328793
Institut d’Estadística de les Illes Balears (2018) Movimientos Turísticos en Fronteras (Frontur)
Instituto de Estudios Turísticos (2013) Movimientos Turísticos en Fronteras (Frontur)
Jamaludin NL, Sam DL, Sandal GM, Adam AA (2018) The influence of perceived discrimination, orientation to mainstream culture and life satisfaction on destination loyalty intentions: the case of international students. Curr Issues Tour 21:934–949. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1119102
Kane MJ, Zink R (2004) Package adventure tours: markers in serious leisure careers. Leis Stud 23:329–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/0261436042000231655
Kim YH, Goh BK, Yuan J (Jessica) (2010) Development of a multi-dimensional scale for measuring food tourist motivations. J Qual Assur Hosp Tour 11:56–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/15280080903520568
Kozak M (2002) Comparative analysis of tourist motivations by nationality and destinations. Tour Manag 23:221–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00090-5.
Kozak M, Rimmington M (2000) Tourist satisfaction with Mallorca, Spain, as an off-season holiday destination. J Travel Res 38:260–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750003800308
Lam JM, Ariffin AAM (2019) Do travel images affect international students’ on-site academic value? New evidence from the Malaysia’s ‘higher edutourism’ destination. J Vacat Mark 135676671984227. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766719842274.
Lam T, Hsu CHC (2006) Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a travel destination. Tour Manag 27:589–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.02.003
Lam JMS, Ahmad Azmi MA, Azhar HA (2011) Edutourism: exploring the push-pull factors in selecting a university. Int J Bus Soc 12:63–78
Lee TH (2009) A structural model to examine how destination image, attitude, and motivation affect the future behavior of tourists. Leis Sci 31:215–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400902837787
Lee C-K, Yoon Y-S, Lee S-K (2007) Investigating the relationships among perceived value, satisfaction, and recommendations: the case of the Korean DMZ. Tour Manag 28:204–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.12.017
Li F (Sam), Qi H (2019) An investigation of push and pull motivations of Chinese tourism doctoral students studying overseas. J Hosp Leis Sport Tour Educ 24:90–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2019.01.002.
Lin H, Zhang M, Gursoy D, Fu X (2019) Impact of tourist-to-tourist interaction on tourism experience: the mediating role of cohesion and intimacy. Ann Tour Res 76:153–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.03.009
Litvin SW, Goldsmith RE, Pan B (2008) Electronic word-of-mouth in hospitality and tourism management. Tour Manag 29:458–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.05.011
Martínez-Roget F, Pawlowska E, Rodríguez XA (2013) The economic impact of academic tourism in Galicia, Spain. Tour Econ 19:1139–1153. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2013.0236
Mazzarol T, Soutar GN (2002) “Push-pull” factors influencing international student destination choice. Int J Educ Manag 16:82–90. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540210418403
McMahon ME (1992) Higher education in a world market. High Educ 24:465–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00137243
Migration Data Portal (2018) International students. In: International students – type of migration. http://migrationdataportal.org/themes/international-students. Accessed 29 Aug 2019
OECD (2017) Definitions and classifications of the OECD international education statistics. In: OECD handbook for internationally comparative education statistics concepts, standards, definitions and classifications. OECD, Paris, p 33
Pawlowska E, Roget FM, López XP (2011) Economic impact of international academic tourism in Galicia. In: 2nd International conference on the measurement and economic analysis of regional tourism. Bilbao, p 15
Pereira-López X, Fernández-Fernández M, Carrascal-Incera A (2016) The economic impact of international students in a regional economy from a tourism perspective. Tour Econ Bus Finance Tour Recreat 22:125–140
Pitman T, Broomhall S, McEwan J, Majocha E (2010) Adult learning in educational tourism. Aust J Adult Learn 50:219–238
Prayag G (2009) Tourists’ evaluations of destination image, satisfaction, and future behavioral intentions—the case of Mauritius. J Travel Tour Mark 26:836–853. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400903358729
Prayag G, Ryan C (2011) The relationship between the ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors of a tourist destination: the role of nationality – an analytical qualitative research approach. Curr Issues Tour 14:121–143. https://doi.org/10/drnp3j
Reza Jalilvand M, Samiei N, Dini B, Yaghoubi Manzari P (2012) Examining the structural relationships of electronic word of mouth, destination image, tourist attitude toward destination and travel intention: an integrated approach. J Destin Mark Manag 1:134–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2012.10.001
Schiffman LG, Wisenblit J (2014) Consumer behavior, 11th edn. Pearson, Boston
Serra-Cantallops A, Salvi F (2014) New consumer behavior: a review of research on eWOM and hotels. Int J Hosp Manag 36:41–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.08.007
Shmueli G, Sarstedt M, Hair JF et al (2019) Predictive model assessment in PLS-SEM: guidelines for using PLSpredict. Eur J Mark. 53:2322–2347. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-02-2019-0189
Söderlund M (1998) Customer satisfaction and its consequences on customer behaviour revisited: the impact of different levels of satisfaction on word-of-mouth, feedback to the supplier and loyalty. Int J Serv Ind Manag 9:169–188. https://doi.org/10.1108/09564239810210532
Sparks B (2007) Planning a wine tourism vacation? Factors that help to predict tourist behavioural intentions. Tour Manag 28:1180–1192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.11.003
Thrane C (2015) Students’ summer tourism: an econometric analysis of trip costs and trip expenditures. Tour Manag Perspect 15:65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.03.012
Thrane C (2016) Students’ summer tourism: determinants of length of stay (LOS). Tour Manag 54:178–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.11.010
Tian-Cole S, Crompton JL, Willson VL (2002) An empirical investigation of the relationships between service quality, satisfaction and behavioral intentions among visitors to a wildlife refuge. J Leis Res 34:1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2002.11949957
Tribe J, Snaith T (1998) From SERVQUAL to HOLSAT: holiday satisfaction in Varadero, Cuba. Tour Manag 19:25–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(97)00094-0.
Tsai S (2012) Place attachment and tourism marketing: investigating international tourists in Singapore: place attachment and tourism marketing. Int J Tour Res 14:139–152. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.842
Vincent VC, Thompson W (2002) Assessing community support and sustainability for ecotourism development. J Travel Res 41:153–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728702237415
Yoon Y, Uysal M (2005) An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: a structural model. Tour Manag 26:45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.016
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest concerning the research, authorship, or publication of this chapter.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Appendix
Appendix
Scales | Authors |
|---|---|
Push motivation (to study abroad)—PM Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements (Likert scale—from 1—Strongly disagree to 7—Strongly agree) Studying abroad... | Lam et al. (2011) |
Can help me to enhance my career prospects | |
Can help me to enhance my future job prospects | |
Can help me to provide higher status for myself in future | |
Pull motivation (to study on the University)—PUIB Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements (Likert scale—from 1—Strongly disagree to 7—Strongly agree) I choose to study at the UIB because… | Abubakar (2016) |
University’s image and reputation | |
University’s learning atmosphere and environment | |
University’s academic infrastructure and facilities | |
Academic and research quality of university professors | |
Academic programmes’ suitability | |
Academic programmes’ recognition throughout worldwide | |
Academic programmes quality | |
Attitude toward the University—ATT Indicate the degree of agreement with the following statements (Likert scale—from 1—Strongly disagree to 7—Strongly agree) I believe that my experience at the University of the Balearic Islands… | Lam et al. (2011) |
Improved my education and training | |
Was, in general, a good experience | |
Improved my career development | |
Improved my personal skills | |
eWOM Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements (Likert scale—from 1—Strongly disagree to 7—Strongly agree) I chose the UIB as my Erasmus destination because of the comments and opinions… | Abubakar (2016) |
…of other people (friends, relatives, et cetera) | |
…that I read on social media (i.e., Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, etc.) | |
…that I read on online travel reviews (i.e., TripAdvisor, travel blogs, travel guides, etc.). | |
Satisfaction—SAT Based on the experiences that you had at the University of the Balearic Islands, please, indicate your overall satisfaction level of your Erasmus period there: (Likert scale—from 1—Strongly dissatisfied to 7—Strongly satisfied) | Lam et al. (2011) Lin et al. (2019) Lee (2009) |
Revisit intention—REV Indicate your likelihood (Likert scale—from 1—Extremely unlikely to 7—Extremely likely) How likely… | Lam et al. (2011) |
Would you return to the Majorca for a leisure travel in the future? | |
Is your intention to return to Majorca in the next 2 years? | |
Recommend intention—RI Indicate your likelihood (Likert scale—from 1—Extremely unlikely to 7—Extremely likely) How likely… | Pawlowska et al. (2011) |
I have the intention to recommend the UIB as an Erasmus destination. | |
I recommended Majorca to other friends and students, while I stayed there as Erasmus student |
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Deyà-Tortella, B., Mendez-Duron, R., Rejón-Guardia, F. (2021). Revisiting an Academic Tourism Destination: An Empirical Analysis of the Role of Motivations, Attitudes, Satisfaction, and Electronic Word of Mouth. In: Cerdeira Bento, J.P., Martínez-Roget, F., Pereira, E.T., Rodríguez, X.A. (eds) Academic Tourism. Tourism, Hospitality & Event Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57288-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57288-4_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-57287-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-57288-4
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)