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Sleep Disorders

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PET and SPECT in Psychiatry

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Abstract

Sleep disorders have been the subject of a number of positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography studies. Narcoleptic patients with cataplexy displayed decreased hypothalamic and thalamic perfusion during resting wakefulness, which may be related to hypocretinergic deficiency and altered vigilance. However, nuclear imaging data on narcolepsy without cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia remain scarce. In restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements, hypoactivity in pre- and postsynaptic dopaminergic transmission in the striatum and substantia nigra may underlie compulsive limb movements. Sleepwalking showed specific brain perfusion changes during slow wave sleep and wakefulness, possibly indicative of a dissociated state. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder patients showed changes in blood flow in the pons, frontal lobes, striatum, and hippocampus, linking this disorder to later onset of neurodegenerative diseases (synucleinopathies). Localized brain metabolism increases during non-rapid eye movement sleep in insomnia and depression are in line with the “hyperarousal” hypothesis underlying sleep disturbances in these patients. Even with these insights, radioisotope imaging in sleep medicine is still in its infancy. Further research should aim to increase sample sizes, provide adequate control groups, and acquire additional timepoints for imaging, for instance, before, during, and after the onset of symptoms.

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  1. Jordan O’Byrne and Aurore A. Perrault contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Jordan O’Byrne, Aurore A. Perrault, Oupam Malhi, Lindsay Reed, Audrée Arcelin, Nidhusha Vijayakumar & Thien Thanh Dang-Vu

  2. Center for Studies in Behavioural Neurobiology and PERFORM Center, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Jordan O’Byrne, Aurore A. Perrault & Thien Thanh Dang-Vu

  3. Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, CIUSSS Centre-Sud-de-l’île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Jordan O’Byrne, Aurore A. Perrault & Thien Thanh Dang-Vu

  4. Department of Psychiatry, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium

    Gladys Mikolajczak

  5. Department of Psychology, University of Namur Medical School, Namur, Belgium

    Martin Desseilles

  6. Clinique Psychiatrique des Frères Alexiens, Henri-Chapelle, Belgium

    Martin Desseilles

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  1. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Rudi A.J.O. Dierckx

  2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Medical Engineering and Computer Science, Offenburg University, Offenburg, Germany

    Andreas Otte

  3. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Erik F. J. de Vries

  4. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Aren van Waarde

  5. Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Iris E. Sommer

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O’Byrne, J. et al. (2021). Sleep Disorders. In: Dierckx, R.A., Otte, A., de Vries, E.F.J., van Waarde, A., Sommer, I.E. (eds) PET and SPECT in Psychiatry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57231-0_33

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