Abstract
Bladder cancer is a highly prevalent disease in the world and is associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and healthcare cost. Most bladder cancers are diagnosed in patients who presented with hematuria and confirmed after transurethral biopsy or resection. Pathologic evaluation of bladder biopsy and resection specimen is a critical component in multidisciplinary care of patients who presented with urothelial neoplasia. Significant advances have been made in the understanding of molecular mechanisms of urothelial carcinoma. However, careful morphologic evaluation and diagnosis remain the cornerstone for initial diagnosis, risk stratification, and management. In this section, we highlight practical diagnostic criteria and approaches to the most common and important topics in bladder pathology, such as diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma in situ and mimickers, diagnosis and grading of papillary urothelial lesions, benign reactive and proliferative and other nonneoplastic lesions that may be overdiagnosed as cancer, evaluation of invasion and staging issues, important urothelial carcinoma variants and entities introduced by 2016 WHO tumor classification, and differential diagnosis of spindle cell lesions. Appropriate use of immunohistochemistry and abundant examples of photomicrograph are used to illustrate in each of those challenging situations.
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Luo, X., Tantranont, N., Shen, S. (2021). Bladder Pathology. In: Yang, X.J., Zhou, M. (eds) Practical Genitourinary Pathology. Practical Anatomic Pathology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57141-2_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57141-2_3
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