Abstract
This chapter focuses on exploring the link between humour and the Spanish flu, a pandemic that was rampant between 1918 and 1919, through cartoons and newspapers. To circumvent the traditional challenges of historiographical research it adopts a triangulation-based approach of three different countries, which underwent different trajectories, Italy, the UK and Russia in order to merge these national narratives and observe the phenomenon from different angles. Bringing together some ideas of Christie Davies, Antonio Gramsci and others helps to perceive humorous cartoons as something more than cartoons: as valuable stories of Spanish flu compressed in to one image. Archives were consulted in all three countries. The chapter unlocks how the Spanish flu generated humour as a tool to explore the social world in conditions of heightened disgust and wide-spread political instability. The age-old question of whether humour has a significant effect on societal changes can be examined through these case studies to push the boundaries on what human beings do throughout history when tragedy knocks on the door.
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Notes
- 1.
123HelpMe.com, ‘Children’s Songs’ Popularity in 1918’.
- 2.
See Poon, ‘Remembering’; crucially, she also underlines the vulnerability of current pandemic preparedness.
- 3.
Spinney, ‘The flu’, 3.
- 4.
Ibid., 5.
- 5.
Ibid., 6.
- 6.
Davis, More Deadly Than War, 2.
- 7.
See Daudin, Morys and O’Rourke, ‘Europe and Globalization’.
- 8.
Reported in Crawford, ‘1918 Spanish flu’.
- 9.
A derogatory term for Germans in the Allied countries. It is believed to have originated from a famous speech of Wilhelm II of 1900. See for example Musolff, ‘The afterlife’.
- 10.
Davis, More Deadly Than War, 26.
- 11.
See Carrade, ‘The Black Death’.
- 12.
Caulfield, In Defense of Honor, 2–3.
- 13.
Davis, More Deadly Than War, 191.
- 14.
Canetti, Party in the Blitz, 240.
- 15.
Stone, ‘The Revival’, 4.
- 16.
Geremek, ‘Common Memory’, 37.
- 17.
Ibid., 13.
- 18.
Ibid., 14.
- 19.
Martin, ‘Approaches to the sense of humor’, 50.
- 20.
Polimeni and Reiss, ‘The First Joke’, 359.
- 21.
Neighbor, Karaca and Lang, Understanding the world of Political Cartoons, 7.
- 22.
Ibid., 21.
- 23.
Barkai, ‘Historiographic Irony’, 2.
- 24.
Davies, The Mirth of Nations, 8.
- 25.
Gramsci, Note sul Machiavelli, sulla politica e sullo stato moderno, 41.
- 26.
Percoco, ‘Health Shocks’, 3.
- 27.
See Magistro, l’anno della Spagnola. Magistro underlines that in Basilicata, an Italian region, the lack of state intervention during the Spanish flu did not spark initiatives at a community level, a notable difference from Black Death, with each family left isolated.
- 28.
Ibid.
- 29.
Scalarini, ‘Il Conquistatore dell’Europa’, 1. Translation by the author. Throughout this is indicated by ‘tba’.
- 30.
Bertarelli, ‘Rivista d’Italia’, 228.
- 31.
Il Resto del Carlino, ‘L’influenza’, 3, tba.
- 32.
Sprone, “E—Chi (se ne…. impipa)—La febbre spagnuola,” 4, tba.
- 33.
Piccolo, “La febbre Spagnuola,” 2, tba.
- 34.
Il Resto del Carlino, ‘La salute pubblica’, 3, tba.
- 35.
Ibid., tba.
- 36.
Turati and Kuliscioff, Carteggio, 1026, tba.
- 37.
Ibid., 1031, tba.
- 38.
Ibid., 1052, tba.
- 39.
Il Resto del Carlino, ‘L’influenza’, 3.
- 40.
For the use of Carbolic Acid for sanitary purposes, see Simpson, Note on the history of carbolic acid’, 7.
- 41.
Il Socialista, ‘Cronaca—L’inflnenza’ [sic], 17 October 1918, 2, tba.
- 42.
Il Socialista, ‘Cronaca—L’influenza’, 7 November 1918, 2, tba.
- 43.
Johnson, Scottish’flu–The Scottish Experience Of ‘spanish Flu’, 218.
- 44.
Corfield, Death and Disease, 4.
- 45.
Ibid., 19.
- 46.
Butler and Hogg, ‘Exploring Scotland’s influenza pandemic’, 364.
- 47.
He et al., Inferring the causes’, 6.
- 48.
North-Eastern Daily Gazette, ‘The influenza epidemic’, 3.
- 49.
24 Oct. 1918, 3.
- 50.
Ibid.
- 51.
The Daily Mirror, 27 Jun. 1918, 6.
- 52.
Ibid.
- 53.
Ibid.
- 54.
The Daily Mirror, 17 Oct. 1918, 6.
- 55.
Ibid.
- 56.
Brewster, ‘The Passing Enemy’, 2 Nov. 1918, 3.
- 57.
NIAID Media Team, ‘Video: The Mother (of all Pandemics)’.
- 58.
The executions by shooting were rampant during the Russian Civil War; see Footman, Civil War in Russia, 292.
- 59.
Gazeta Dlya Vseh, ‘Na pochv goloda…’, 9 June 1918.
- 60.
Gazeta Dlya Vseh, ‘Holeroj Torguiut’, 9 June 1918. ‘Kvas’ is a traditional Slavic beverage.
- 61.
Smele, The ‘Russian’ Civil Wars, 40–41.
- 62.
Ibid., 110. ‘Ispanka’ refers to Spanish flu.
- 63.
Ibid., 111.
- 64.
Ibid., 112.
- 65.
Shalamov, ‘Zdravoohranenie v Zabajkalskoj’, 163.
- 66.
Petryshyn and Dzubak, Peasants in the Promised Land: Canada and the Ukrainians, 46.
- 67.
Svoboda, ‘Influenca—Se Strashna Gidra’, 5, tba.
- 68.
Honigsbaum, ‘The Great Dread’, 312.
- 69.
As reported in Dobrovolskij, ‘Ispanka s traurnym’, tba.
- 70.
Berezovaya, ‘Krasnyj i belyj’, 496.
- 71.
Rogatchevskaia, ‘Propaganda in Russian Library’.
- 72.
Figes, ‘The Red Army’, 193.
- 73.
Novin, ‘Chapter 63’.
- 74.
Krasnaya Gazeta, ‘V Zhenskom Universitete’, tba.
- 75.
Klinge, Lenin. Samaja pravdivaya biografia Iljicha, 64.
- 76.
Ibid., 99.
- 77.
What became Reichsversorgungsgesetz.
- 78.
Pironti, ‘Post-war Welfare Policies’.
- 79.
Narayanaswami, ‘Analysis of Nazi Propaganda’.
- 80.
Schnall et al., ‘Disgust as Embodied Moral Judgment’, 1105.
- 81.
Schaller and Park, ‘The Behavioral Immune System’, 99.
- 82.
Helzer and Pizarro, ‘Dirty Liberals!’, 4.
- 83.
Spinney, ‘Pale Rider’.
- 84.
Jung, The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious, 259.
- 85.
El Correo de Zamora as reported in Spinney, ‘The flu’, 65.
- 86.
Ibid., 118.
- 87.
On apocalyptic laughter see Kristeva, Powers of Horror, 204.
- 88.
Ibid., 204–205.
- 89.
Ibid., 138.
- 90.
Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, 10.
- 91.
Ibid., 49.
- 92.
See Pirandello, Six Characters’ and Beckett, Murphy.
- 93.
See Arnaiz, ‘El extraño que surgió del abismo’. The synopsis of the movie: ‘Spain, 1918. During the Spanish flu, a landowner loses his beloved wife—and will do whatever it takes to get back to see her alive, even if it means a pact with the devil—literally’.
- 94.
Smith, ‘Lovecraft’s Otherworldly Xenophobia’.
- 95.
Simonson, ‘Bloodli(n)es’, 6.
- 96.
Nwabueze et al., ‘Framing of Cartoons’, 2.
- 97.
Kazanevsky, ‘Cartoons’, 6.
- 98.
Ibid., 8.
- 99.
Tchamitch, ‘On the connection’, 6.
- 100.
Swart, ‘The Terrible Laughter’, 906.
- 101.
See Maldonado, ‘History as an increasingly complex system’.
- 102.
Davis, More Deadly Than War, 112.
- 103.
Sandys, From Winston with Love, 143.
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Lobanov, N. (2020). Spanish Flu: The First Modern Case of Viral Humour?. In: Derrin, D., Burrows, H. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Humour, History, and Methodology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56646-3_21
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