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Brainstem Reflexes

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Neurophysiology of the Migraine Brain

Part of the book series: Headache ((HEAD))

Abstract

A large number of studies explored the brainstem structures by using several reflex-recording techniques during ictal and interictal phases of migraine. Exteroceptive suppression of the temporalis muscle contraction, trigemino-cervical and trigemino-cervical-spinal reflexes, blink reflex, auditory evoked potentials, nociceptive flexion reflex, corneal reflex, and jaw-stretch reflex have been conducted with two main purposes: (1) to detect whether some neurophysiological parameters may represent a markers of migraine and (2) to investigate the pathophysiology of migraine.

With regard to the first point, the results of the basal assessment of brainstem reflexes are unsatisfactory, since all studies have shown almost normal or slightly abnormal findings in migraine patients and in patients with other forms of headache. On the other hand, much more homogeneous results have been obtained using protocols for the study of the habituation and recovery curves of such reflexes. These dynamic neurophysiologic studies confirm in migraineurs the phenomenon of “deficient habituation,” which is widely described during the interictal period for almost all sensory modalities. In this view, this phenomenon is considered a neurophysiologic biomarker of migraine.

In the same way, the study of brainstem reflexes may provide valuable insights in the debate about the pathogenesis of migraine and the role of CNS dysexcitability.

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  1. Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Dipartimento Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy

    Catello Vollono

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  1. Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Roma, Italy

    Gianluca Coppola

  2. Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    Wei-Ta Chen

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Vollono, C. (2021). Brainstem Reflexes. In: Coppola, G., Chen, WT. (eds) Neurophysiology of the Migraine Brain. Headache. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56538-1_7

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