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Water Reclamation and Reuse for Environmental Conservation

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Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 19))

Abstract

The strategy for long-term planning and management of water resources is more and more being based on the renovation and utilization of wastewater for use in agricultural and landscape irrigation as well as in industrial production. Conventional wastewater treatment, even when it is economically feasible, is costly because of biosolids handling and tertiary sedimentation tanks. A newly developed flotation/filtration cell is an advanced water clarification package plant, using a combination of chemical flocculation, dissolved air flotation (DAF), and rapid granular filtration in one unit. The average processing time from start to finish is less than 15 min. This innovation replaces a conventional process requiring five separate tanks with a single, compact, and cheaper unit. The aim of this chapter is to discuss six applications that illustrate the versatility and effectiveness of the flotation/filtration cell, to demonstrate the performance of the compact unit in secondary and tertiary treatment of various wastewater effluents, and to illustrate the system’s usefulness for wastewater reclamation, recycling, and reuse.

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Abbreviations

BOD:

Biochemical oxygen demand

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

DAF:

Dissolved air flotation

DAFF:

Dissolved air flotation and filtration

F-Cell:

Dissolved air flotation cell or DAF

FF-Cell:

Dissolved air flotation and filtration cell or DAFF

MGD:

Million gallons per day

PAC:

Polyaluminum chloride

RBC:

Rotating biological contactor

STP:

Sewage treatment plant

TSS:

Total suspended solids

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, NY, USA

    Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang & Mu-Hao Sung Wang

  2. Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA, USA

    Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang & Mu-Hao Sung Wang

Authors
  1. Nazih K. Shammas
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  2. Lawrence K. Wang
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  3. Mu-Hao Sung Wang
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, NY, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang

  2. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Krofta Engineering Corporation Lenix, MA, Newtonville, NY, USA

    Mu-Hao Sung Wang

  3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

  4. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Krofta Engineering Corporation Lenix, MA, Newtonville, NY, USA

    Nazih K. Shammas

Glossary [49,50,51]

DAF

Dissolved air flotation process.

DAFF

Dissolved air flotation and filtration.

Dissolved air flotation (DAF)

One of dissolved gas flotation (DGF) processes when air is used for generation of gas bubbles. See dissolved gas flotation (DGF).

Dissolved gas flotation (DGF)

It is a process involving pressurization of gas at 25–95 psig for dissolving gas into water, and subsequent release of pressure (to 1 atm) under laminar flow hydraulic conditions for generating extremely fine gas bubbles (20–80 microns), which become attached to the impurities to be removed and rise to the water surface together. The impurities or pollutants to be removed are on the water surface are called float or scum, which scooped off by sludge collection means. The clarified water is discharged from the flotation clarifier’s bottom. The gas flow rate is about 1% of influent liquid flow rate. The attachment of gas bubbles to the impurities can be a result of physical entrapment, electrochemical attraction, surface adsorption, and/or gas stripping. The specific gravity of the bubble-impurity agglomerate is less than 1, resulting in buoyancy or nonselective flotation (i.e. Save-All).

F-Cell

Dissolved air flotation cell or DAF.

FF-Cell

Dissolved air flotation and filtration cell or DAFF.

Flotation cell

A dissolved air flotation cell or unit process.

Flotation-filtration cell

A package treatment plant, which consists of both dissolved air flotation and filtration unit processes.

Package treatment plant

A prefabricated water or wastewater treatment plant consisting of two or more unit processes.

Primary flotation clarification

A dissolved air flotation clarification process, which is used for primary clarification of wastewater, with a main purpose of total suspended solids removal.

Secondary flotation clarification

A dissolved air flotation clarification process, which is used for secondary clarification of wastewater, with a main purpose of either: (a) removal of biological sludge from a biological oxidation process, or nitrification process or (b) removal of chemical sludge from a secondary physicochemical process mainly for removal of dissolved organics, heavy metals, etc.

Tertiary flotation clarification

A dissolved air flotation clarification process, which is used for advanced or tertiary treatment, with a main purpose of nutrient removal or wastewater renovation.

Two-stage DAF

A series of two consecutive dissolved air flotation treatment using different chemicals or operational conditions.

Two-stage treatment

A series of two consecutive water or wastewater treatment using different chemicals, operational conditions, or even different unit processes.

Wastewater renovation

Treatment of wastewater to a degree that the wastewater becomes a useful water resource.

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Shammas, N.K., Wang, L.K., Wang, MH.S. (2021). Water Reclamation and Reuse for Environmental Conservation. In: Wang, L.K., Wang, MH.S., Hung, YT., Shammas, N.K. (eds) Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 19. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54626-7_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54626-7_2

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