Abstract
Chronic pain is pain that persists beyond the typical healing time of 3–6 months. Typically, primary care physicians are in the frontlines when it comes to treating patients with chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP), with approximately one in seven patients in the United States suffering from CNCP (Dahlhamer J, Lucas J, Zelaya C et al, MMWR 67:1001, 2018). The healthcare costs for patients with CNCP are estimated at $560 billion each year in direct medical costs, lost productivity, and disability programs, but despite the high prevalence, CNCP remains undertreated (Institute of Medicine (IOM), Relieving pain in America: a blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education, and research. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2011). Given the increased risk of opioid dependence and overdose, clinicians have systemically moved away from their prescription and embraced non-opioid and non-pharmaceutical treatments as a first line for management.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Dahlhamer J, Lucas J, Zelaya C, et al. Prevalence of chronic pain and high impact chronic pain among adults – United States, 2016. MMWR. 2018;67:1001.
Institute of Medicine (IOM). Relieving pain in America: a blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education, and research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2011.
Thorson D, Biewen P, Bonte B, et al. Acute pain assessment and opioid prescribing protocol. Health care protocol. Bloomington: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI); 2014. p. 44.
Zhu W, et al. Initial opioid prescriptions among U.S. commercially insured patients, 2012–2017. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:1043–52.
Canadian guideline for safe and effective use of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain. Canada: National Opioid Use Guideline Group (NOUGG); 2010. http://nationalpaincentre.mcmaster.ca/opioid/
Hooten WM, Timming R, Belgrade M, Institute for clinical systems improvement, et al. Assessment and management of chronic pain; Updated Nov 2013.
Galluzzi K. Management of Neuropathic Pain. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2005;105:S12–9.
Blair MJ, Sanderson TR. Coanalgesics for chronic pain therapy: a narrative review. Postgrad Med. 2011;123(6):140–50.
Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain – United States, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016;65(RR-1):1–49. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1.
Paice JA, Portenoy R, Lacchetti C, et al. Management of chronic pain in survivors of adult cancers: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:3325–45.
Chou R, Fanciullo GJ, Fine PG, et al. Clinical guidelines for the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain. J Pain. 2009;10(2):113–30.
Manchikanti L, Abdi S, Atluri S, et al. American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) guidelines for responsible opioid prescribing in chronic non-cancer pain: part 2 – guidance. Pain Phys. 2012;15(3 Suppl):S67–116.
Nuckols TK, Anderson L, Popescu I, et al. Opioid prescribing: a systematic review and critical appraisal of guidelines for chronic pain. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:38–47.
Kral LA, Jackson K, Uritsky TJ. A practical guide to tapering opioids. Ment Health Clin (Internet). 2015;5(3):102–8. https://doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2015.05.102.
Kazis LE, Ameli O, Rothendler J, et al. Observational retrospective study of the association of initial healthcare provider for new-onset low back pain with early and long-term opioid use. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e028633. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028633.
Nijs J, Lluch Girbes E, Lundberg M, Malfliet A, Sterling M. Exercise therapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain: innovation by altering pain memories. Man Ther. 2015;20(1):216–20.
Walsh DM, Basford JR. Chapter 47. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. In: Smith HS, editor. Current therapy in pain. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier; 2009. p. 5541–6.
Helms JM. Acupuncture energetics: a clinical approach for physicians. Berkeley: Medical Acupuncture Publishers; 1995.
Vickers AJ, Linde K. Acupuncture for chronic pain. JAMA. 2014;311(9):955–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.285478.
Sturgeon JA. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2014;7:115–24.
Bodenheimer T, Wagner EH, Grumbach K. Improving primary care for patients with chronic illness: the chronic care model, part 2. JAMA. 2002;288(15):1909–14.
Dobscha SK, Corson K, Perrin NA, et al. Collaborative care for chronic pain in primary care: a cluster randomized trial. JAMA. 2009;301(12):1242–52.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply
About this entry
Cite this entry
Ghoddusi, F., Fedoriw, K.B. (2022). Care of the Patient with Chronic Pain. In: Paulman, P.M., Taylor, R.B., Paulman, A.A., Nasir, L.S. (eds) Family Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54441-6_68
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54441-6_68
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-54440-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-54441-6
eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine