Abstract
Mal-operation of distance relay imposes serious threats to system stability and a big reason for large scale blackouts. These relays operate in its third zone due to the inability of detecting fault during stressed system conditions. These stressed conditions are load encroachment, power swing, voltage instability conditions, extreme contingencies, etc. Conventional distance relay operates on the basis of local measurements. It calculates the impedance from the relay to the fault point for its operation. Load encroachment and power swing are very similar to the symmetrical fault condition and it is difficult for these conventional relays to distinguish these stressed conditions from symmetrical faults. It is therefore important to make the distance relay intelligent enough so that it will be able to discriminate between a fault and stressed system condition. With the advancement in synchro-phasor technology, the drawbacks of conventional relays have been overcome. The wide-area monitoring system (WAMS) is capable of development of online intelligent techniques that can segregate the stressed system condition from any fault. With these advanced techniques, the mal-operation of distance relays can be avoided and thus wide-area blackouts can be stopped. In this chapter, a new scheme for detecting the zone-III operation of distance relay is proposed to discriminate the stressed system conditions such as voltage instability, power swing, or load encroachment from fault. The proposed scheme is based on the monitoring of active and reactive power of the load buses using WAMS. Various cases are created on WSCC-9, IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus system to test the performance of the proposed algorithm. The simulations have been done on the MATLAB Simulink platform. Results shows that the proposed method is helpful to avoid the unwanted distance relay operation under stressed system conditions.
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Abbreviations
- WAMS:
-
Wide-area monitoring system
- PMU:
-
Phasor measurement unit
- OOS:
-
Out of step
- NERC:
-
North American electric reliability corporation
- SVM:
-
Support vector machine
- Z seen :
-
Impedance seen by the relay
- P iload :
-
Active power consumption of load bus i
- Z set :
-
Impedance setting of distance relay
- Q iload :
-
Reactive power consumption of load bus i
- Z k :
-
Impedance of element k
- P set :
-
Active power setting for distance relay
- V i :
-
Voltage phasor of bus i
- Q set :
-
Reactive power setting for distance relay
- I i :
-
Current phasor of bus i
- P AB :
-
Active power flow between bus A and B
- δ i :
-
Phase angle of bus i
- Q AB :
-
Reactive power flow between bus A and B
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Rajalwal, N.K., Ghosh, D. (2021). Superseding Mal-Operation of Distance Relay Under Stressed System Conditions. In: Haes Alhelou, H., Abdelaziz, A.Y., Siano, P. (eds) Wide Area Power Systems Stability, Protection, and Security. Power Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54275-7_15
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