Abstract
In this chapter, we analyze flow with respect to three aspects. First, we examine the basis for flow experiences to emerge. We focus our discussion on the situational antecedents of flow and emphasize the fact that the emergence of flow is basically dependent on a perceived fit of skills and task demands. Thereby we critically discuss the “above average” perspective and the related quadrant and octant models of flow highlighting the fact that the “above average” notion is based on problematic assumptions. Further, we discuss the concept of flow intensity and propose a revised flow model, which builds on the original notion of perceived fit of skills and task demands and includes the value attributed to the relevant activity as additional crucial factor. Second, we address boundary conditions of the flow experience, emphasizing the role of both personality and situational factors that qualify the relation between a perceived skills-demands fit and flow. Third, we critically review the available evidence on affective, cognitive and performance-related consequences resulting from flow or a compatibility of skills and demands. In addition, we highlight obstacles in the research exploring these consequences of flow and discuss first starting points to circumvent these.
This chapter is a revised and condensed version of the chapters “The Flow Model Revisited” (Keller & Landhäußer, 2012) and “Flow and Its Affective, Cognitive, and Performance-Related Consequences” (Landhäußer & Keller, 2012), published in the first edition of this book (Engeser, 2012).
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Notes
- 1.
As there is no systematic work on the revised flow model (see Fig. 3.1) available to date and consequently no evidence on potential moderators in this model, we limit this discussion on studies referring to the basic flow channel model.
- 2.
The items “something important to me is at stake here”, “I won’t make any mistakes here”, and “I am worried about failing” were used to measure importance (Engeser & Baumann 2016; Engeser & Rheinberg 2008). Focusing on the negative consequences of the activity, the concept of ‘importance’ can be clearly distinguished from the concept ‘subjective value’ (i.e., the value a person attributes to the activity per se) that we introduced in the first part of this chapter.
- 3.
The article from Kocjan and Avsec (2017) contained another study examining the relation between situational characteristics and the experience of flow. However, the assessment of flow was applied in a retrospective manner, therefore we do not discuss the study here. Problems concerning this approach of measuring flow are discussed in the introduction of this chapter.
- 4.
The following bipolar items were used to measured valance: unhappy—happy and unsatisfied—satisfied, positive activation: shiftless—energetic, tired—wide awake, bored—elated, dull—highly motivated, and negative activation: relaxed—stressed, untroubled—annoyed, calm—nervous, secure—worried (Engeser & Baumann 2016).
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Barthelmäs, M., Keller, J. (2021). Antecedents, Boundary Conditions and Consequences of Flow. In: Peifer, C., Engeser, S. (eds) Advances in Flow Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53468-4_3
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