Abstract
The EU authorities are currently emphasizing the sustainable use of pesticides, integrated pest management, where sustainable biological, physical and other non-chemical methods are favoured over chemical methods if they provide satisfactory pest control. In the context of increasing demands for alternatives to chemical control, biocontrol strategies have become the prevailing paradigm in pest management, creating a momentum for increased use of Microbial Pest Control Agents (MPCAs).
Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 currently in force, provides rules for placing plant protection products on the market, based on a risk assessment, which encourages the development of less-harmful substances. Uniform Principles ensure that evaluations and decisions with regard to authorization of plant protection products are conducted according to these principles by Member States.
The Uniform Principles for the evaluation and authorization of plant protection products containing microorganisms are set out in Annex Part II in Commission Regulation (EU) No 546/2011. The Data requirements for approval of the active substance containing microorganism (MPCA) are described in the Part B Regulation (EU) No 283/2013 and for the formulated products (MPCP) in the Part B Regulation (EU) No 284/2013. In the current registration procedure in the EU, MPCAs are primarily treated as potentially risky organisms that are not only able to produce toxic substances, but are also potentially dangerous because they can multiply, spread and perhaps genetically adapt. EC has initiated a revision of the legal provisions regarding the assessment of the microorganisms used in plant protection products to contribute to a more realistic risk perception for registration requirements and risk assessment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anonymous (1991) Council directive 91/414/EEC of 15 July 1991 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market. OJ L 230 of 19.8.1991
Anonymous (1999) Glossary of phytosanitary terms. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Secretariat of the international plant protection convention, ISPM Pub. No. 5. FAO, Rome
Anonymous (2002) Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety
Anonymous (2003) Guidance for registration requirements for microbial pesticides. OECD series on pesticides no. 18. ENV/JM/MONO(2003)5
Anonymous (2009a) Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC. Off J Eur Union L 309:1–50
Anonymous (2009b) Directive 2009/128/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides. Off J Eur Union L 309:71–86
Anonymous (2011a) Commission Regulation (EU) No 546/2011 of 10 June 2011 implementing Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards uniform principles for evaluation and authorisation of plant protection products. Off J Eur Union L 155:127–175
Anonymous (2011b) Commission Regulation (EU) No 544/2011 of 10 June 2011 implementing Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the data requirements for active substances
Anonymous (2011c) Commission Regulation (EU) No 545/2011 of 10 June 2011 implementing Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the data requirements for plant protection products
Anonymous (2013a) Commission Regulation (EU) No 283/2013 of 1 March 2013 setting out the data requirements for active substances, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market. Off J Eur Union L 93:1–84
Anonymous (2013b) Commission Regulation (EU) No 284/2013 of 1 March 2013 setting out the data requirements for plant protection products, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market. Off J Eur Union L 93:85–152
Anonymous (2014) Guidance on comparable climates Bulletin OEPP/EPPO. Bull Eur Mediterranean Plant Prot Org PP 1/241 (2) 44 (3), 281–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12137. ISSN 0250-8052
Anonymous (2017) Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1432 of 7 August 2017 amending Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and the Council concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market as regards the criteria for the approval of low-risk active substances
Balog A, Hartel T, Loxdale HD, Wilson K (2017) Differences in the progress of the biopesticide revolution between the EU and other major crop growing regions. Pest Manag Sci 73(11):2203–2208
Chattopadhyay P, Banerjee G, Mukherjee S (2017) Recent trends of modern bacterial insecticides for pest control practice in integrated crop management system. 3 Biotech 7:60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0717-6
Cook J, Bruckart WL, Coulson JR, Goettel MS, Humber RA, Lumsden RD, Maddox JV, McManus ML, Moore L, Meyer SF, Quimby PC, Stack JP, Vaughn JL (1996) Safety of microorganisms intended for pest and plant disease control: a framework for scientific evaluation. Biol Control 7(3):333–351
Eilenberg J, Hajek A, Lomer C (2001) Suggestions for the unifying the terminology in biological control. BioControl 46:387–400
Frederiks C, Wesseler JHH (2018) A comparison of the EU and US regulatory frameworks for the active substance registration of microbial biological control agents. Pest Manag Sci:87–103. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5133
Gotor-Vila A, Teixidó N, Usall J, Dashevskaya S, Torres R (2016) Development of a SCARmarker and a strain-specific genomicmarker for the detection of the biocontrol agent strain CPA-8 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (formerly B. subtilis). Ann Appl Biol 169:248–256
Gotor-Vila A, Teixidó N, Casals C, Torres R, De Cal A, Guijarro B, Usall J, Teixido N, Casals C, Torres R, De Cal A, Guijarro B, Usall J (2017) Biological control of brown rot in stone fruit using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CPA-8 under field conditions. Crop Prot 102:72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.08.010
Guijarro B, Larena A, Casals C, Teixidó N, Melgarejo M, De Cal A (2019) Compatibility interactions between the biocontrol agent Penicillium frequentans Pf909 and other existing strategies to brown rot control. Biol Control 129:45–54
Heimpel GE, Mills N (2017) Biological control – ecology and applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139029117
Hernandez-Martinez P, Gomis-Cebolla J, Ferre J, Escriche B (2017) Changes in gene expression and apoptotic response in Spodoptera exigua larvae exposed to sublethal concentrations of Vip3 insecticidal proteins. Sci Rep 7:16245. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16406-1
Kiewnick S (2007) Practicalities of developing and registering microbial biological control agents. CAB Rev Perspect Agric Vet Sci Nutr Nat Resour 2(013):11. https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR20072013
Köhl J, Postma J, Nicot P, Ruocco M, Blum B (2011) Stepwise screening of microorganisms for commercial use in biological control of plant-pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Biocontrol 57(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2010.12.004
Köhl J, Russ L (2016) Screening criteria for the development of biocontrol products for control of plant diseases. In: Biological and integrated control of plant pathogens, IOBC-WPRS bulletin, vol 117. IOBC-WPRS, pp 248–251
Laulund S, Wind A, Derkx PMF, Zuliani V (2017) Regulatory and safety requirements for food cultures. Microorganisms 5(2):28. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms5020028
Martins G, Lauga B, Miot-Sertier C, Mercier A, Lonvaud A, Soulas ML, Masneuf-Pomarède I (2013) Characterization of epiphytic bacterial communities from grapes, leaves, bark and soil of grapevine plants grown, and their relations. PLoS One 8:e73013
Masneuf-Pomarède I (2013) Characterization of epiphytic bacterial communities from grapes, leaves, bark and soil of grapevine plants grown, and their relations. PLoS One 8:e73013
Massart S, Martinez-Medina M, Jijakli MH (2015) Biological control in the microbiome era: Challenges and opportunities. Biol Control 89:98–108
Nicot PC, Alabouvette C, Bardin M, Blum B, Köhl J (2010) Biological control of fungal and bacterial plant pathogens. IOBC-WPRS Bulletin 78, 2012 pp 95–98
Siegwart M, Graillot B, Blachere Lopez C, Besse S, Bardin M, Nicot PC, Lopez-Ferber M (2015) Resistance to bio-insecticides or how to enhance their sustainability: a review. Front Plant Sci 6:381. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00381
Singh DK (2007) Insecticidal methods of pest control. In: Singh DK, Trivedi TP (eds) Applied entomology. http://nsdl.niscair.res.in/jspui/handle/123456789/416
Speiser B, Tamm L (2011) Regulation of plant protection in organic farming. In: Ehlers R-U (ed) Regulation of biological control agents, 1st edn. Springer, Dordrecht/Heidelberg/London/New York, pp 113–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3664-3
Stenberg JA, Heil M, Ahman I, Bjorkman C (2015) Optimizing crops for biocontrol of pests and disease. Trends Plant Sci 20:698e712
Süß J, Hauschild R (2012) Registration of plant protection products containing micro-organisms in the EU – changes through the new regulation 1107/2009 biological control of fungal and bacterial plant pathogens. IOBC-WPRS Bull 78:99–102
Turner PC, Flannary B, Issit K, Ali M, Pestka J (2012) The role of biomarkers in evaluating human health concerns from fungal contaminants in food. Nutr Res Rev 25:162–179
van Lenteren JC, Bolckmans K, Köhl J, Ravensberg WJ, Urbaneja A (2018) Biological Control using invertebrates and microorganisms: plenty of new opportunities. BioControl 63:39–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-017-9801-4
Viñuelas E (2005) La lucha biológica, pieza clave de la agricultura sostenible. El control biológico de plagas y enfermedades. Ed. Publicacions de la Universitat Jaume I., 1: 15–30
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Guijarro, B., Fernández-Getino, A.P., Alonso-Prados, J.L. (2020). Regulation and Requirement Challenges for the Definition of a Successful Biocontrol Strategy Within the EU Framework. In: De Cal, A., Melgarejo, P., Magan, N. (eds) How Research Can Stimulate the Development of Commercial Biological Control Against Plant Diseases. Progress in Biological Control, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53238-3_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53238-3_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-53237-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-53238-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)