Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Monoamine Oxidase A and Serotonin Transporter Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
PET and SPECT of Neurobiological Systems

  • 1001 Accesses

Abstract

Serotonin has a major role in neural circuits of mood regulation, substance abuse, and neurodevelopment. Although they differ in cellular and anatomical location, the two brain proteins most strongly implicated in influencing serotonin levels are monoamine oxidase A and the serotonin transporter. The advances in positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand development to image these two proteins have been applied considerably over the past 15 years, greatly increasing our knowledge about fundamental processes in many important, impactful conditions including major depressive disorder, early postpartum, perimenopause, cigarette smoking, alcohol dependence, aggressive behavior, antidepressant development, ecstasy abuse, obsessive compulsive disorder, and seasonal affective disorder as reviewed in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alia-Klein N, Goldstein RZ, Kriplani A, Logan J, Tomasi D, Williams B, Telang F, Shumay E, Biegon A, Craig IW, Henn F, Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Fowler JS (2008) Brain monoamine oxidase A activity predicts trait aggression. J Neurosci. 28(19):5099–5104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anda RF, Williamson DF, Escobedo LG, Mast EE, Giovino GA, Remington PL (1990) Depression and the dynamics of smoking. A national perspective. Jama. 264(12):1541–1545

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Association AP (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Vol Fourth Edition. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Bacher I, Houle S, Xu X, Zawertailo L, Soliman A, Wilson AA, Selby P, George TP, Sacher J, Miler L, Kish SJ, Rusjan P, Meyer JH (2011) Monoamine oxidase a binding in the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices during acute withdrawal from heavy cigarette smoking. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68(8):817–826

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barton DA, Esler MD, Dawood T, Lambert EA, Haikerwal D, Brenchley C, Socratous F, Hastings J, Guo L, Wiesner G, Kaye DM, Bayles R, Schlaich MP, Lambert GW (2008) Elevated brain serotonin turnover in patients with depression: effect of genotype and therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 65(1):38–46

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bel N, Artigas F (1992) Fluvoxamine preferentially increases extracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine in the raphe nuclei: an in vivo microdialysis study. Eur J Pharmacol 229:101–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bel N, Artigas F (1993) Chronic treatment with fluvoxamine increases extracellular serotonin in frontal cortex but not in raphe nuclei. Synapse 15:243–245

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bel N, Artigas F (1995) In vivo evidence for the reversible action of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor brofaromine on 5-hydroxytryptamine release in rat brain. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 351(5):475–482

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benmansour S, Cecchi M, Morilak D, Gerhardt G, Javors M, Gould G, Frazer A (1999) Effects of chronic antidepressant treatments on serotonin transporter function, density and mRNA level. J Neurosci. 19(23):10494–10501

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bergstrom M, Westerberg G, Langstrom B (1997a) 11C-harmine as a tracer for monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A): in vitro and in vivo studies. Nucl Med Biol 24(4):287–293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergstrom M, Westerberg G, Kihlberg T, Langstrom B (1997b) Synthesis of some 11C-labelled MAO-A inhibitors and their in vivo uptake kinetics in rhesus monkey brain. Nucl Med Biol 24(5):381–388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergstrom M, Westerberg G, Nemeth G, Traut M, Gross G, Greger G, Muller-Peltzer H, Safer A, Eckernas SA, Grahner A, Langstrom B (1997c) MAO-A inhibition in brain after dosing with esuprone, moclobemide and placebo in healthy volunteers: in vivo studies with positron emission tomography. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 52(2):121–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagwagar Z, Murthy N, Selvaraj S, Hinz R, Taylor M, Fancy S, Grasby P, Cowen P (2007) 5-HTT binding in recovered depressed patients and healthy volunteers: a positron emission tomography study with [11C]DASB. Am J Psychiatry. 164(12):1858–1865

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blakely R, Ramamoorthy S, Qian Y, Schroeter S, Bradley C (1997) Regulation of antidepressant-sensitive serotonin transporters. In: Reith M (ed) Neurotransmitter transporters: structure, function, and regulation. Humana Press Inc., Totowa, New Jersey, pp 29–72

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Blier P, De Montigny C (1983) Electrophysiological investigations on the effect of repeated zimelidine administration on serotonergic neurotransmission in the rat. J Neuroscience 3(6):1270–1278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blier P, Galzin AM, Langer SZ (1989) Diurnal variation in the function of serotonin terminals in the rat hypothalamus. J Neurochem. 52(2):453–459

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bortolato M, Chen K, Shih JC (2008) Monoamine oxidase inactivation: from pathophysiology to therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60(13-14):1527–1533

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bottlaender M, Valette H, Delforge J, Saba W, Guenther I, Curet O, George P, Dolle F, Gregoire MC (2010) In vivo quantification of monoamine oxidase A in baboon brain: a PET study using [(11)C]befloxatone and the multi-injection approach. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 30(4):792–800

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breslau N, Peterson EL, Schultz LR, Chilcoat HD, Andreski P (1998) Major depression and stages of smoking. A longitudinal investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 55(2):161–166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brucke T, Kornhuber J, Angelberger P, Asenbaum S, Frassine H, Podreka I (1993) SPECT imaging of dopamine and serotonin transporters with [123I]beta-CIT. Binding kinetics in the human brain. J Neural Transm Gen Sect. 94(2):137–146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunner HG, Nelen M, Breakefield XO, Ropers HH, van Oost BA (1993) Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science. 262(5133):578–580

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchert R, Schulze O, Wilke F, Berding G, Thomasius R, Petersen K, Brenner W, Clausen M (2006) Is correction for age necessary in SPECT or PET of the central serotonin transporter in young, healthy adults? J Nucl Med 47(1):38–42

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buck A, Gucker PM, Schonbachler RD, Arigoni M, Kneifel S, Vollenweider FX, Ametamey SM, Burger C (2000) Evaluation of serotonergic transporters using PET and [11C](+)McN-5652: assessment of methods. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 20(2):253–262

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buckholtz JW, Meyer-Lindenberg A (2008) MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. Trends Neurosci 31(3):120–129

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon DM, Ichise M, Rollis D, Klaver JM, Gandhi SK, Charney DS, Manji HK, Drevets WC (2007) Elevated serotonin transporter binding in major depressive disorder assessed using positron emission tomography and [(11)C]DASB; Comparison with bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 62(8):870–877

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carey MP, Kalra DL, Carey KB, Halperin S, Richards CS (1993) Stress and unaided smoking cessation: a prospective investigation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 61(5):831–838

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson A, Svennerholm L, Winblad B (1980) Seasonal and circadian monoamine variations in human brains examined post mortem. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 280:75–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll FI, Kotian P, Dehghani A, Gray JL, Kuzemko MA, Parham KA, Abraham P, Lewin AH, Boja JW, Kuhar MJ (1995) Cocaine and 3 beta-(4'-substituted phenyl)tropane-2 beta-carboxylic acid ester and amide analogues. New high-affinity and selective compounds for the dopamine transporter. J Med Chem. 38(2):379–388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cases O, Vitalis T, Seif I, De Maeyer E, Sotelo C, Gaspar P (1996) Lack of barrels in the somatosensory cortex of monoamine oxidase A-deficient mice: role of a serotonin excess during the critical period. Neuron. 16(2):297–307

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caspi A, McClay J, Moffitt TE, Mill J, Martin J, Craig IW, Taylor A, Poulton R (2002) Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science. 297(5582):851–854

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Catafau AM, Perez V, Penengo MM, Bullich S, Danus M, Puigdemont D, Pascual JC, Corripio I, Llop J, Perich J, Alvarez E (2005) SPECT of serotonin transporters using 123I-ADAM: optimal imaging time after bolus injection and long-term test-retest in healthy volunteers. J Nucl Med. 46(8):1301–1309

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chalon S, Tarkiainen J, Garreau L, Hall H, Emond P, Vercouillie J, Farde L, Dasse P, Varnas K, Besnard JC, Halldin C, Guilloteau D (2003) Pharmacological characterization of N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-methylphenyl thio)benzylamine as a ligand of the serotonin transporter with high affinity and selectivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 304(1):81–87

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiuccariello L, Houle S, Miler L, Cooke RG, Rusjan PM, Rajkowska G, Levitan RD, Kish SJ, Kolla NJ, Ou X, Wilson AA, Meyer JH (2014) Elevated monoamine oxidase a binding during major depressive episodes is associated with greater severity and reversed neurovegetative symptoms. Neuropsychopharmacology. 39(4):973–980

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiuccariello L, Cooke RG, Miler L, Levitan RD, Baker GB, Kish SJ, Kolla NJ, Rusjan PM, Houle S, Wilson AA, Meyer JH (2015) Monoamine oxidase-A occupancy by moclobemide and phenelzine: implications for the development of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 19(1):pyv078

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Choi SR, Hou C, Oya S, Mu M, Kung MP, Siciliano M, Acton PD, Kung HF (2000) Selective in vitro and in vivo binding of [(125)I]ADAM to serotonin transporters in rat brain. Synapse. 38(4):403–412

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ciliax BJ, Drash GW, Staley JK, Haber S, Mobley CJ, Miller GW, Mufson EJ, Mash DC, Levey AI (1999) Immunocytochemical localization of the dopamine transporter in human brain. J Comp Neurol. 409(1):38–56

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cortes R, Soriano E, Pazos A, Probst A, Palacios J (1988) Autoradiography of antidepressant binding sites in the human brain: localization using [3H]imipramine and [3H]paroxetine. Neuroscience. 27(2):473–496

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curet O, Damoiseau-Ovens G, Sauvage C, Sontag N, Avenet P, Depoortere H, Caille D, Bergis O, Scatton B (1998) Preclinical profile of befloxatone, a new reversible MAO-A inhibitor. J Affect Disord 51(3):287–303

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dewar KM, Grondin L, Carli M, Lima L, Reader TA (1992) [3H]paroxetine binding and serotonin content of rat cortical areas, hippocampus, neostriatum, ventral mesencephalic tegmentum, and midbrain raphe nuclei region following p-chlorophenylalanine and p-chloroamphetamine treatment. J Neurochem. 58(1):250–257

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dolle F, Valette H, Bramoulle Y, Guenther I, Fuseau C, Coulon C, Lartizien C, Jegham S, George P, Curet O, Pinquier JL, Bottlaender M (2003) Synthesis and in vivo imaging properties of [11C]befloxatone: a novel highly potent positron emission tomography ligand for mono-amine oxidase-A. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 13(10):1771–1775

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dowlati Y, Ravindran AV, Maheux M, Steiner M, Stewart DE, Meyer JH (2014) No effect of oral tyrosine on total tyrosine levels in breast milk: implications for dietary supplementation in early postpartum. Arch Womens Ment Health. 17(6):541–548

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dowlati Y, Ravindran AV, Maheux M, Steiner M, Stewart DE, Meyer JH (2015) No effect of oral L-tryptophan or alpha-lactalbumin on total tryptophan levels in breast milk. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 25(6):779–787

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dowlati Y, Ravindran AV, Segal ZV, Stewart DE, Steiner M, Meyer JH (2017) Selective dietary supplementation in early postpartum is associated with high resilience against depressed mood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 114(13):3509–3514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dreshfield LJ, Wong DT, Perry KW, Engleman EA (1996) Enhancement of fluoxetine-dependent increase of extracellular serotonin (5-HT) levels by (-)-pindolol, an antagonist at 5-HT1A receptors. Neurochem Res 21(5):557–562

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erlandsson K, Sivananthan T, Lui D, Spezzi A, Townsend CE, Mu S, Lucas R, Warrington S, Ell PJ (2005) Measuring SSRI occupancy of SERT using the novel tracer [123I]ADAM: a SPECT validation study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 32(11):1329–1336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erritzoe D, Frokjaer VG, Holst KK, Christoffersen M, Johansen SS, Svarer C, Madsen J, Rasmussen PM, Ramsoy T, Jernigan TL, Knudsen GM (2011) In vivo imaging of cerebral serotonin transporter and serotonin(2A) receptor binding in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or “ecstasy”) and hallucinogen users. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 68(6):562–576

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fava GA, Ruini C, Rafanelli C, Finos L, Conti S, Grandi S (2004) Six-year outcome of cognitive behavior therapy for prevention of recurrent depression. Am J Psychiatry. 161(10):1872–1876

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fazel S, Danesh J (2002) Serious mental disorder in 23000 prisoners: a systematic review of 62 surveys. Lancet. 359(9306):545–550

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finberg J (2012) Role of the organic cation transporter (OCT-3) and monoamine oxidase types A and B in the metabolism of dopamine derived from L-DOPA in rat striatum depleted of dopaminergic and serotonergic afferent inputs. Tenth International Catecholamine Symposium. Pacific Grove, CA; 82.

    Google Scholar 

  • First M, Spitzer R, Williams J, Gibbon M (1995) Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis i disorders, patient edition (SCID-P), version 2. Biometrics Research, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald JC, Ufer C, Billett EE (2007a) A link between monoamine oxidase-A and apoptosis in serum deprived human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. J Neural Transm. 114(6):807–810

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald JC, Ufer C, De Girolamo LA, Kuhn H, Billett EE (2007b) Monoamine oxidase-A modulates apoptotic cell death induced by staurosporine in human neuroblastoma cells. J Neurochem. 103(6):2189–2199

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler JS, MacGregor RR, Wolf AP, Arnett CD, Dewey SL, Schlyer D, Christman D, Logan J, Smith M, Sachs H et al (1987) Mapping human brain monoamine oxidase A and B with 11C-labeled suicide inactivators and PET. Science 235(4787):481–485

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Pappas N, Logan J, Shea C, Alexoff D, MacGregor RR, Schlyer DJ, Zezulkova I, Wolf AP (1996) Brain monoamine oxidase A inhibition in cigarette smokers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93(24):14065–14069

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Perel JM, Cornes C, Jarrett DB, Mallinger AG, Thase ME, McEachran AB, Grochocinski VJ (1990) Three-year outcomes for maintenance therapies in recurrent depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 47(12):1093–1099

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frankle WG, Lombardo I, New AS, Goodman M, Talbot PS, Huang Y, Hwang DR, Slifstein M, Curry S, Abi-Dargham A, Laruelle M, Siever LJ (2005) Brain serotonin transporter distribution in subjects with impulsive aggressivity: a positron emission study with [11C]McN 5652. Am J Psychiatry. 162(5):915–923

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freis ED (1954) Mental depression in hypertensive patients treated for long periods with large doses of reserpine. N Engl J Med 251(25):1006–1008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garvey AJ, Bliss RE, Hitchcock JL, Heinold JW, Rosner B (1992) Predictors of smoking relapse among self-quitters: a report from the Normative Aging Study. Addict Behav. 17(4):367–377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ginovart N, Wilson AA, Meyer JH, Hussey D, Houle S (2001) Positron emission tomography quantification of [(11)C]-DASB binding to the human serotonin transporter: modeling strategies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 21(11):1342–1353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ginovart N, Meyer JH, Boovariwala A, Hussey D, Rabiner EA, Houle S, Wilson AA (2006) Positron emission tomography quantification of [11C]-harmine binding to monoamine oxidase-A in the human brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 26(3):330–344

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham D, Tahraoui L, Langer SZ (1987) Effect of chronic treatment with selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors and specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors on [3H]paroxetine binding to cerebral cortical membranes of the rat. Neuropharmacology. 26(8):1087–1092

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halldin C, Lundberg J, Sovago J, Gulyas B, Guilloteau D, Vercouillie J, Emond P, Chalon S, Tarkiainen J, Hiltunen J, Farde L (2005) [(11)C]MADAM, a new serotonin transporter radioligand characterized in the monkey brain by PET. Synapse. 58(3):173–183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison SJ, Tyrer AE, Levitan RD, Xu X, Houle S, Wilson AA, Nobrega JN, Rusjan PM, Meyer JH (2015) Light therapy and serotonin transporter binding in the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex. Acta Psychiatr Scand 132(5):379–388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hauptmann N, Shih JC (2001) 2-Naphthylamine, a compound found in cigarette smoke, decreases both monoamine oxidase A and B catalytic activity. Life Sci. 68(11):1231–1241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herraiz T, Chaparro C (2005) Human monoamine oxidase is inhibited by tobacco smoke: beta-carboline alkaloids act as potent and reversible inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 326(2):378–386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hesse S, Stengler K, Regenthal R, Patt M, Becker GA, Franke A, Knupfer H, Meyer PM, Luthardt J, Jahn I, Lobsien D, Heinke W, Brust P, Hegerl U, Sabri O (2011) The serotonin transporter availability in untreated early-onset and late-onset patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 14(5):606–617

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holschneider DP, Kumazawa T, Chen K, Shih JC (1998) Tissue-specific effects of estrogen on monoamine oxidase A and B in the rat. Life Sci. 63(3):155–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houle S, Ginovart N, Hussey D, Meyer J, Wilson A (2000) Imaging the serotonin transporter with positron emission tomography: initial human studies with [11C]DAPP and [11C]DASB. Eur J Nucl Med. 27(11):1719–1722

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ichise M, Liow JS, Lu JQ, Takano A, Model K, Toyama H, Suhara T, Suzuki K, Innis RB, Carson RE (2003) Linearized reference tissue parametric imaging methods: application to [11C]DASB positron emission tomography studies of the serotonin transporter in human brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 23(9):1096–1112

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ikoma Y, Suhara T, Toyama H, Ichimiya T, Takano A, Sudo Y, Inoue M, Yasuno F, Suzuki K (2002) Quantitative analysis for estimating binding potential of the brain serotonin transporter with [11 C]McN5652. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 22(4):490–501

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jarkas N, Votaw JR, Voll RJ, Williams L, Camp VM, Owens MJ, Purselle DC, Bremner JD, Kilts CD, Nemeroff CB, Goodman MM (2005) Carbon-11 HOMADAM: a novel PET radiotracer for imaging serotonin transporters. Nucl Med Biol. 32(3):211–224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson S, Stockmeier CA, Meyer JH, Austin MC, Albert PR, Wang J, May WL, Rajkowska G, Overholser JC, Jurjus G, Dieter L, Johnson C, Sittman DB, Ou XM (2011) The reduction of R1, a novel repressor protein for monoamine oxidase A, in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalbitzer J, Erritzoe D, Holst KK, Nielsen FA, Marner L, Lehel S, Arentzen T, Jernigan TL, Knudsen GM (2010) Seasonal changes in brain serotonin transporter binding in short serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region-allele carriers but not in long-allele homozygotes. Biol Psychiatry 67(11):1033–1039

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kenford SL, Smith SS, Wetter DW, Jorenby DE, Fiore MC, Baker TB (2002) Predicting relapse back to smoking: contrasting affective and physical models of dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol. 70(1):216–227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kent JM, Coplan JD, Lombardo I, Hwang DR, Huang Y, Mawlawi O, Van Heertum RL, Slifstein M, Abi-Dargham A, Gorman JM, Laruelle M (2002) Occupancy of brain serotonin transporters during treatment with paroxetine in patients with social phobia: a positron emission tomography study with 11C McN 5652. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 164(4):341–348

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim-Cohen J, Caspi A, Taylor A, Williams B, Newcombe R, Craig IW, Moffitt TE (2006) MAOA, maltreatment, and gene-environment interaction predicting children's mental health: new evidence and a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 11(10):903–913

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kish SJ, Furukawa Y, Chang LJ, Tong J, Ginovart N, Wilson A, Houle S, Meyer JH (2005) Regional distribution of serotonin transporter protein in postmortem human brain: is the cerebellum a SERT-free brain region? Nucl Med Biol. 32(2):123–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kish SJ, Lerch J, Furukawa Y, Tong J, McCluskey T, Wilkins D, Houle S, Meyer J, Mundo E, Wilson AA, Rusjan PM, Saint-Cyr JA, Guttman M, Collins DL, Shapiro C, Warsh JJ, Boileau I (2010) Decreased cerebral cortical serotonin transporter binding in ecstasy users: a positron emission tomography/[(11)C]DASB and structural brain imaging study. Brain. 133(Pt 6):1779–1797

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kolla NJ, Matthews B, Wilson AA, Houle S, Bagby RM, Links P, Simpson AI, Hussain A, Meyer JH (2015) Lower monoamine oxidase-a total distribution volume in impulsive and violent male offenders with antisocial personality disorder and high psychopathic traits: an [(11)C] harmine positron emission tomography study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 40(11):2596–2603

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kolla NJ, Chiuccariello L, Wilson AA, Houle S, Links P, Bagby RM, McMain S, Kellow C, Patel J, Rekkas PV, Pasricha S, Meyer JH (2016) Elevated monoamine oxidase-a distribution volume in borderline personality disorder is associated with severity across mood symptoms, suicidality, and cognition. Biol Psychiatry. 79(2):117–126

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan KR (2002) Biological risk factors in late life depression. Biol Psychiatry. 52(3):185–192

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuikka JT, Bergstrom KA, Vanninen E, Laulumaa V, Hartikainen P, Lansimies E (1993) Initial experience with single-photon emission tomography using iodine-123-labelled 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-iodophenyl) tropane in human brain. Eur J Nucl Med. 20(9):783–786

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kung MP, Hou C, Oya S, Mu M, Acton PD, Kung HF (1999) Characterization of [(123)I]IDAM as a novel single-photon emission tomography tracer for serotonin transporters. Eur J Nucl Med. 26(8):844–853

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert GW, Reid C, Kaye DM, Jennings GL, Esler MD (2002) Effect of sunlight and season on serotonin turnover in the brain. Lancet. 360(9348):1840–1842

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laruelle M, Vanisberg M-A, Maloteaux J-M (1988) Regional and subcellular localization in human brain of [3H]paroxetine binding, a marker of serotonin uptake sites. Biol Psych. 24:299–309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laruelle M, Giddings SS, Zea-Ponce Y, Charney DS, Neumeyer JL, Baldwin RM, Innis RB (1994) Methyl 3 beta-(4-[125I]iodophenyl)tropane-2 beta-carboxylate in vitro binding to dopamine and serotonin transporters under "physiological" conditions. J Neurochem. 62(3):978–986

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Law M, Tang JL (1995) An analysis of the effectiveness of interventions intended to help people stop smoking. Arch Intern Med. 155(18):1933–1941

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lesch KP, Wolozin BL, Estler HC, Murphy DL, Riederer P (1993a) Isolation of a cDNA encoding the human brain serotonin transporter. J Neural Transm Gen Sect. 91(1):67–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lesch KP, Wolozin BL, Murphy DL, Reiderer P (1993b) Primary structure of the human platelet serotonin uptake site: identity with the brain serotonin transporter. J Neurochem. 60(6):2319–2322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liotti M, Mayberg HS, McGinnis S, Brannan SL, Jerabek P (2002) Unmasking disease-specific cerebral blood flow abnormalities: mood challenge in patients with remitted unipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry. 159(11):1830–1840

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luine VN, Khylchevskaya RI, McEwen BS (1975) Effect of gonadal steroids on activities of monoamine oxidase and choline acetylase in rat brain. Brain Res. 86(2):293–306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg J, Odano I, Olsson H, Halldin C, Farde L (2005) Quantification of 11C-MADAM binding to the serotonin transporter in the human brain. J Nucl Med. 46(9):1505–1515

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg J, Halldin C, Farde L (2006) Measurement of serotonin transporter binding with PET and [(11)C]MADAM: A test-retest reproducibility study. Synapse. 60(3):256–263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg J, Christophersen JS, Petersen KB, Loft H, Halldin C, Farde L (2007) PET measurement of serotonin transporter occupancy: a comparison of escitalopram and citalopram. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 10(6):777–785

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma ZQ, Bondiolotti GP, Olasmaa M, Violani E, Patrone C, Picotti GB, Maggi A (1993) Estrogen modulation of catecholamine synthesis and monoamine oxidase A activity in the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-ER3. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 47(1-6):207–211

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma ZQ, Violani E, Villa F, Picotti GB, Maggi A (1995) Estrogenic control of monoamine oxidase A activity in human neuroblastoma cells expressing physiological concentrations of estrogen receptor. Eur J Pharmacol. 284(1-2):171–176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magnusson A (2000) An overview of epidemiological studies on seasonal affective disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 101(3):176–184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Major LF, Hawley RJ, Saini N, Garrick NA, Murphy DL (1985) Brain and liver monoamine oxidase type A and type B activity in alcoholics and controls. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 9(1):6–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mann JJ, Stanley M (1984) Postmortem monoamine oxidase enzyme kinetics in the frontal cortex of suicide victims and controls. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 69(2):135–139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maschauer S, Haller A, Riss PJ, Kuwert T, Prante O, Cumming P (2015) Specific binding of [(18)F]fluoroethyl-harmol to monoamine oxidase A in rat brain cryostat sections, and compartmental analysis of binding in living brain. J Neurochem 135(5):908–917

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathews T, Fedele D, Unger E, Lesch KP, Murphy DL, Andrews A (2000) Effects of serotonin transporter inactivation on extracellular 5-HT levels, in vivo microdialysis recovery, and MDMA-induced release of serotonin and dopamine in mouse striatum. Soc Neurosci Abstracts 30:624

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathews TA, Fedele DE, Coppelli FM, Avila AM, Murphy DL, Andrews AM (2004) Gene dose-dependent alterations in extraneuronal serotonin but not dopamine in mice with reduced serotonin transporter expression. J Neurosci Methods. 140(1-2):169–181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto R, Ichise M, Ito H, Ando T, Takahashi H, Ikoma Y, Kosaka J, Arakawa R, Fujimura Y, Ota M, Takano A, Fukui K, Nakayama K, Suhara T (2010) Reduced serotonin transporter binding in the insular cortex in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a [11C]DASB PET study. Neuroimage. 49(1):121–126

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews BA, Kish SJ, Xu X, Boileau I, Rusjan PM, Wilson AA, DiGiacomo D, Houle S, Meyer JH (2014) Greater monoamine oxidase a binding in alcohol dependence. Biol Psychiatry. 75(10):756–764

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews BA, Tong J, Attwells S, Xu X, Le A, Kish SJ, Meyer JH (2018) Elevated monoamine oxidase A activity and protein levels in rodent brain during acute withdrawal after chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure. Drug Alcohol Depend. 185:398–405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mc Mahon B, Andersen SB, Madsen MK, Hjordt LV, Hageman I, Dam H, Svarer C, da Cunha-Bang S, Baare W, Madsen J, Hasholt L, Holst K, Frokjaer VG, Knudsen GM (2016) Seasonal difference in brain serotonin transporter binding predicts symptom severity in patients with seasonal affective disorder. Brain 139(Pt 5):1605–1614

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCann UD, Szabo Z, Seckin E, Rosenblatt P, Mathews WB, Ravert HT, Dannals RF, Ricaurte GA (2005) Quantitative PET studies of the serotonin transporter in MDMA users and controls using [11C]McN5652 and [11C]DASB. Neuropsychopharmacology. 30(9):1741–1750

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McCann UD, Szabo Z, Vranesic M, Palermo M, Mathews WB, Ravert HT, Dannals RF, Ricaurte GA (2008) Positron emission tomographic studies of brain dopamine and serotonin transporters in abstinent (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“ecstasy”) users: relationship to cognitive performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 200(3):439–450

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mejia JM, Ervin FR, Baker GB, Palmour RM (2002) Monoamine oxidase inhibition during brain development induces pathological aggressive behavior in mice. Biol Psychiatry. 52(8):811–821

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JH (2007) Imaging the serotonin transporter during major depressive disorder and antidepressant treatment. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 32(2):86–102

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JH (2008) Applying neuroimaging ligands to study major depressive disorder. Semin Nucl Med 38(4):287–304

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer J. Monoamine Oxidase A and serotonin transporter imaging with positron emission tomography. In: Springer, ed. PET and SPECT of neurobiological systems; 2014:711-739.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JH, Wilson AA, Ginovart N, Goulding V, Hussey D, Hood K, Houle S (2001) Occupancy of serotonin transporters by paroxetine and citalopram during treatment of depression: a [(11)C]DASB PET imaging study. Am J Psychiatry. 158(11):1843–1849

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JH, Houle S, Sagrati S, Carella A, Hussey DF, Ginovart N, Goulding V, Kennedy J, Wilson AA (2004a) Brain serotonin transporter binding potential measured with carbon 11-labeled DASB positron emission tomography: effects of major depressive episodes and severity of dysfunctional attitudes. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 61(12):1271–1279

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JH, Wilson AA, Sagrati S, Hussey D, Carella A, Potter WZ, Ginovart N, Spencer EP, Cheok A, Houle S (2004b) Serotonin transporter occupancy of five selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors at different doses: an [11C]DASB positron emission tomography study. Am J Psychiatry. 161(5):826–835

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JH, Ginovart N, Boovariwala A, Sagrati S, Hussey D, Garcia A, Young T, Praschak-Rieder N, Wilson AA, Houle S (2006) Elevated monoamine oxidase a levels in the brain: an explanation for the monoamine imbalance of major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63(11):1209–1216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JH, Wilson AA, Sagrati S, Miler L, Rusjan P, Bloomfield PM, Clark M, Sacher J, Voineskos AN, Houle S (2009a) Brain monoamine oxidase A binding in major depressive disorder: relationship to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment, recovery, and recurrence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 66(12):1304–1312

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JH, Wilson A, Sagrati S, Miler L, Rusjan P, Bloomfield PM, Clark M, Sacher J, Voineskos AN, Houle S (2009b) Brain monoamine oxidase A binding in major depressive disorder: relationship to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment, recovery and recurrence. Archiv Gen Psychiatry 66(12):1304–1312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moret C, Briley M (1996) Effects of acute and repeated administration of citalopram on extracellular levels of serotonin in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 295(2-3):189–197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson DL, Herbet A, Glowinski J, Hamon M (1979) [3H]Harmaline as a specific ligand of MAO A--II. Measurement of the turnover rates of MAO A during ontogenesis in the rat brain. J Neurochem 32(6):1829–1836

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nye JA, Votaw JR, Jarkas N, Purselle D, Camp V, Bremner JD, Kilts CD, Nemeroff CB, Goodman MM (2008) Compartmental modeling of 11C-HOMADAM binding to the serotonin transporter in the healthy human brain. J Nucl Med. 49(12):2018–2025

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Hara MW, Schlechte JA, Lewis DA, Wright EJ (1991) Prospective study of postpartum blues. Biologic and psychosocial factors. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 48(9):801–806

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O'Hara MW, Swain A (1996) Rates and risk of postpartum depression - a meta analysis. International Review of Psychiatry. 8:37–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ordway GA, Farley JT, Dilley GE, Overholser JC, Meltzer HY, Balraj EK, Stockmeier CA, Klimek V (1999) Quantitative distribution of monoamine oxidase A in brainstem monoamine nuclei is normal in major depression. Brain Res. 847(1):71–79

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oreland L, Wiberg A, Winblad B, Fowler CJ, Gottfries CG, Kiianmaa K (1983) The activity of monoamine oxidase -A and -B in brains from chronic alcoholics. J Neural Transm. 56(1):73–83

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ou XM, Chen K, Shih JC (2006) Monoamine oxidase A and repressor R1 are involved in apoptotic signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103(29):10923–10928

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oya S, Choi SR, Hou C, Mu M, Kung MP, Acton PD, Siciliano M, Kung HF (2000) 2-((2-((dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)thio)-5-iodophenylamine (ADAM): an improved serotonin transporter ligand. Nucl Med Biol. 27(3):249–254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parsey RV, Kegeles LS, Hwang DR, Simpson N, Abi-Dargham A, Mawlawi O, Slifstein M, Van Heertum RL, Mann JJ, Laruelle M (2000) In vivo quantification of brain serotonin transporters in humans using [11C]McN 5652. J Nucl Med. 41(9):1465–1477

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pirker W, Asenbaum S, Kasper S, Walter H, Angelberger P, Koch G, Pozzera A, Deecke L, Podreka I, Brucke T (1995) beta-CIT SPECT demonstrates blockade of 5HT-uptake sites by citalopram in the human brain in vivo. J Neural Transm Gen Sect. 100(3):247–256

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Praschak-Rieder N, Wilson AA, Hussey D, Carella A, Wei C, Ginovart N, Schwarz MJ, Zach J, Houle S, Meyer JH (2005) Effects of tryptophan depletion on the serotonin transporter in healthy humans. Biol Psychiatry. 58(10):825–830

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Praschak-Rieder N, Willeit M, Wilson AA, Houle S, Meyer JH (2008) Seasonal variation in human brain serotonin transporter binding. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 65(9):1072–1078

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pratt L, Brody D (2010) Depression and Smoking in the U.S. Household Population Aged 20 and Over, 2005-2008. NCHS Data Brief. 34:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Quelch DR, Parker CA, Nutt DJ, Tyacke RJ, Erritzoe D (2012) Influence of different cellular environments on [(3)H]DASB radioligand binding. Synapse. 66(12):1035–1039

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reimold M, Smolka MN, Zimmer A, Batra A, Knobel A, Solbach C, Mundt A, Smoltczyk HU, Goldman D, Mann K, Reischl G, Machulla HJ, Bares R, Heinz A (2007) Reduced availability of serotonin transporters in obsessive-compulsive disorder correlates with symptom severity - a [11C]DASB PET study. J Neural Transm. 114(12):1603–1609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rekkas PV, Wilson AA, Lee VW, Yogalingam P, Sacher J, Rusjan P, Houle S, Stewart DE, Kolla NJ, Kish S, Chiuccariello L, Meyer JH (2014) Greater monoamine oxidase a binding in perimenopausal age as measured with carbon 11-labeled harmine positron emission tomography. JAMA Psychiatry. 71(8):873–879

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Robins LN, Helzer JE, Weissman MM, Orvaschel H, Gruenberg E, Burke JD Jr, Regier DA (1984) Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 41(10):949–958

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rommelspacher H, Meier-Henco M, Smolka M, Kloft C (2002) The levels of norharman are high enough after smoking to affect monoamineoxidase B in platelets. Eur J Pharmacol. 441(1-2):115–125

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rovescalli AC, Brunello N, Riva M, Galimberti R, Racagni G (1989) Effect of different photoperiod exposure on [3H]imipramine binding and serotonin uptake in the rat brain. J Neurochem. 52(2):507–514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruhe HG, Mason NS, Schene AH (2007) Mood is indirectly related to serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine levels in humans: a meta-analysis of monoamine depletion studies. Mol Psychiatry 12(4):331–359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruhe HG, Booij J, Reitsma JB, Schene AH (2009) Serotonin transporter binding with [123I]beta-CIT SPECT in major depressive disorder versus controls: effect of season and gender. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 36(5):841–849

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sacher J, Wilson A, Houle S, Hassan S, Rusjan P, Bloomfield P, Stewart D, Meyer J (2010) Elevated brain monoamine oxidase A binding in early postpartum. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67(5):468–474

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sacher J, Houle S, Parkes J, Rusjan P, Sagrati S, Wilson AA, Meyer JH (2011) Monoamine oxidase A inhibitor occupancy during treatment of major depressive episodes with moclobemide or St. John's wort: an [(11)C]-harmine PET study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 36(6):375–382

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sacher J, Rabiner EA, Clark M, Rusjan P, Soliman A, Boskovic R, Kish SJ, Wilson AA, Houle S, Meyer JH (2012) Dynamic, adaptive changes in MAO-A binding after alterations in substrate availability: an in vivo [(11)C]-harmine positron emission tomography study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 32(3):443–446

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saura J, Kettler R, Da Prada M, Richards JG (1992) Quantitative enzyme radioautography with 3H-Ro 41-1049 and 3H-Ro 19- 6327 in vitro: localization and abundance of MAO-A and MAO-B in rat CNS, peripheral organs, and human brain. J Neurosci 12(5):1977–1999

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Saura J, Bleuel Z, Ulrich J, Mendelowitsch A, Chen K, Shih JC, Malherbe P, Da Prada M, Richards JG (1996) Molecular neuroanatomy of human monoamine oxidases A and B revealed by quantitative enzyme radioautography and in situ hybridization histochemistry. Neuroscience 70(3):755–774

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schieferstein H, Piel M, Beyerlein F, Luddens H, Bausbacher N, Buchholz HG, Ross TL, Rosch F (2015) Selective binding to monoamine oxidase A: in vitro and in vivo evaluation of (18)F-labeled beta-carboline derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 23(3):612–623

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selvaraj S, Hoshi R, Bhagwagar Z, Murthy NV, Hinz R, Cowen P, Curran HV, Grasby P (2009) Brain serotonin transporter binding in former users of MDMA (‘ecstasy’). Br J Psychiatry. 194(4):355–359

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shank RP, Vaught JL, Pelley KA, Setler PE, McComsey DF, Maryanoff BE (1988) McN-5652: a highly potent inhibitor of serotonin uptake. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 247(3):1032–1038

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharot T, Riccardi AM, Raio CM, Phelps EA (2007) Neural mechanisms mediating optimism bias. Nature. 450(7166):102–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sherif F, Marcusson J, Oreland L (1991) Brain gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase and monoamine oxidase activities in suicide victims. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 241(3):139–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soliman A, Bagby RM, Wilson AA, Miler L, Clark M, Rusjan P, Sacher J, Houle S, Meyer JH (2011) Relationship of monoamine oxidase A binding to adaptive and maladaptive personality traits. Psychol Med. 41(5):1051–1060

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spies M, Knudsen GM, Lanzenberger R, Kasper S (2015) The serotonin transporter in psychiatric disorders: insights from PET imaging. Lancet Psychiatry. 2(8):743–755

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stockmeier CA (2003) Involvement of serotonin in depression: evidence from postmortem and imaging studies of serotonin receptors and the serotonin transporter. J Psychiatr Res 37(5):357–373

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suhara T, Takano A, Sudo Y, Ichimiya T, Inoue M, Yasuno F, Ikoma Y, Okubo Y (2003) High levels of serotonin transporter occupancy with low-dose clomipramine in comparative occupancy study with fluvoxamine using positron emission tomography. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 60(4):386–391

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talbot PS, Frankle WG, Hwang DR, Huang Y, Suckow RF, Slifstein M, Abi-Dargham A, Laruelle M (2005) Effects of reduced endogenous 5-HT on the in vivo binding of the serotonin transporter radioligand 11C-DASB in healthy humans. Synapse. 55(3):164–175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tao-Cheng JH, Zhou FC (1999) Differential polarization of serotonin transporters in axons versus soma-dendrites: an immunogold electron microscopy study. Neuroscience. 94(3):821–830

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tauscher J, Pirker W, de Zwaan M, Asenbaum S, Brucke T, Kasper S (1999) In vivo visualization of serotonin transporters in the human brain during fluoxetine treatment. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 9(1-2):177–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tom SM, Fox CR, Trepel C, Poldrack RA (2007) The neural basis of loss aversion in decision-making under risk. Science. 315(5811):515–518

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Warden D, Ritz L, Norquist G, Howland RH, Lebowitz B, McGrath PJ, Shores-Wilson K, Biggs MM, Balasubramani GK, Fava M (2006) Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: implications for clinical practice. Am J Psychiatry. 163(1):28–40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tweedie DJ, Burke MD (1987) Metabolism of the beta-carbolines, harmine and harmol, by liver microsomes from phenobarbitone- or 3-methylcholanthrene-treated mice. Identification and quantitation of two novel harmine metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos 15(1):74–81

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tyrer AE, Levitan RD, Houle S, Wilson AA, Nobrega JN, Meyer JH (2016a) Increased Seasonal Variation in Serotonin Transporter Binding in Seasonal Affective Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 41(10):2447–2454

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tyrer AE, Levitan RD, Houle S, Wilson AA, Nobrega JN, Rusjan PM, Meyer JH (2016b) Serotonin transporter binding is reduced in seasonal affective disorder following light therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 134(5):410–419

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Urban NB, Girgis RR, Talbot PS, Kegeles LS, Xu X, Frankle WG, Hart CL, Slifstein M, Abi-Dargham A, Laruelle M (2012) Sustained recreational use of ecstasy is associated with altered pre and postsynaptic markers of serotonin transmission in neocortical areas: a PET study with [(1)(1)C]DASB and [(1)(1)C]MDL 100907. Neuropsychopharmacology 37(6):1465–1473

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vitalis T, Cases O, Callebert J, Launay JM, Price DJ, Seif I, Gaspar P (1998) Effects of monoamine oxidase A inhibition on barrel formation in the mouse somatosensory cortex: determination of a sensitive developmental period. J Comp Neurol. 393(2):169–184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ, Greenwald S, Hwu HG, Lee CK, Newman SC, Oakley-Browne MA, Rubio-Stipec M, Wickramaratne PJ et al (1994) The cross national epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder. The Cross National Collaborative Group. J Clin Psychiatry 55(Suppl):5–10

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson A, Schmidt M, Ginovart N, Meyer J, Houle S (2000) Novel radiotracers for imaging the serotonin transporter by positron emission tomography: synthesis, radiosynthesis, in vitro and ex vivo evaluation of [11C]-labelled 2-(Phenylthio) araalkylamines. J Med Chem. 43(16):3103–3110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson AA, Ginovart N, Hussey D, Meyer J, Houle S (2002) In vitro and in vivo characterisation of [11C]-DASB: a probe for in vivo measurements of the serotonin transporter by positron emission tomography. Nucl Med Biol. 29(5):509–515

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson A, Meyer J, Garcia A, Singh K, Hussey D, Houle S, Ginovart N (2003) Determination of the arterial input function of the MAO-A inhibitor [11C] harmine in human subjects. Neuroreceptor Mapping (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • World_Health_Organization (2008) The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. Department of Health Statistics and Informatics, Information Evidence and Research Cluster, WHO, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  • Youdim MB, Edmondson D, Tipton KF (2006) The therapeutic potential of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Nat Rev Neurosci 7(4):295–309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu A, Yang J, Pawlyk AC, Tejani-Butt SM (1995) Acute depletion of serotonin down-regulates serotonin transporter mRNA in raphe neurons. Brain Res. 688(1-2):209–212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zanotti-Fregonara P, Leroy C, Roumenov D, Trichard C, Martinot JL, Bottlaender M (2013) Kinetic analysis of [11C]befloxatone in the human brain, a selective radioligand to image monoamine oxidase A. EJNMMI Res 3(1):78

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zanotti-Fregonara P, Leroy C, Rizzo G, Roumenov D, Trichard C, Martinot JL, Bottlaender M (2014) Imaging of monoamine oxidase-A in the human brain with [11C]befloxatone: quantification strategies and correlation with mRNA transcription maps. Nucl Med Commun 35(12):1254–1261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou FC, Tao-Cheng JH, Segu L, Patel T, Wang Y (1998) Serotonin transporters are located on the axons beyond the synaptic junctions: anatomical and functional evidence. Brain Res. 805(1-2):241–254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Jeffrey H. Meyer

Authors
  1. Jeffrey H. Meyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeffrey H. Meyer .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Rudi A.J.O. Dierckx

  2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Medical Engineering and Computer Science, Offenburg University, Offenburg, Germany

    Andreas Otte

  3. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Erik F.J. de Vries

  4. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Aren van Waarde

  5. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Adriaan A. Lammertsma

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Meyer, J.H. (2021). Monoamine Oxidase A and Serotonin Transporter Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography. In: Dierckx, R.A., Otte, A., de Vries, E.F., van Waarde, A., Lammertsma, A.A. (eds) PET and SPECT of Neurobiological Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53176-8_26

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53176-8_26

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-53175-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-53176-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation