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PET and SPECT Imaging of the Central Dopamine System in Humans

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PET and SPECT of Neurobiological Systems

Abstract

The neurotransmitter dopamine plays a role in many different functions of the human brain, ranging from psychomotor planning to cognition. This short review addresses which parts of the dopamine system can be imaged quantitatively in the living human brain using positron-emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

Nowadays, imaging of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway in humans can be performed quantitatively using radiotracers like the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) substrate [18F]FDOPA, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT-2) radioligands derived from tetrabenazine or PET/SPECT radioligands that bind to the dopamine transporter (DAT). Using PET, also several other dopaminergic projection pathways (e.g. mesocortical projections) can be assessed in humans. Several antagonist PET radioligands for the dopamine D1 receptor have been developed successfully. In addition, well-validated antagonist PET and SPECT radioligands are available for imaging of dopamine D2 and dopamine D3 (D2/3) receptors in the living human brain. Also agonist PET radioligands for the dopamine D2/3 receptors have become available, which afford the opportunity to evaluate the existence of the high-affinity state of these receptors in vivo. These agonist radiopharmaceuticals may also prove more sensitive to changes in dopamine concentrations (e.g. induced by the dopamine releaser amphetamine). Finally, selective antagonist PET radioligands for the dopamine D4 receptor have recently been synthesized and evaluated successfully in small laboratory animals, although these radioligands have not yet been reported as applied in human subjects.

In conclusion, after almost four decades of research, several relevant parts of the central dopamine system can be assessed quantitatively in the living human brain using PET or SPECT. Future studies may include application of agonist radioligands and more dopamine receptor subtype selective radioligands.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, AZ, The Netherlands

    Jan Booij, Jan-Peter van Wieringen & Elsmarieke van de Giessen

  2. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands

    Remco J. J. Knol

  3. Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Sjoerd J. Finnema

  4. Integrated Science and Technology, Translational Imaging, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA

    Sjoerd J. Finnema

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  1. Jan Booij
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  1. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Rudi A.J.O. Dierckx

  2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Medical Engineering and Computer Science, Offenburg University, Offenburg, Germany

    Andreas Otte

  3. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Erik F.J. de Vries

  4. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Aren van Waarde

  5. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Adriaan A. Lammertsma

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Booij, J., van Wieringen, JP., van de Giessen, E., Knol, R.J.J., Finnema, S.J. (2021). PET and SPECT Imaging of the Central Dopamine System in Humans. In: Dierckx, R.A., Otte, A., de Vries, E.F., van Waarde, A., Lammertsma, A.A. (eds) PET and SPECT of Neurobiological Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53176-8_11

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