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Evapotranspiration Measurements and Calculations

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Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements

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Abstract

Actual and maximum rates of evaporation (E) and evapotranspiration (ET) are important to the operation of atmospheric process models and for hydrologic and agricultural modeling. Because rates of evapotranspiration are limited by both the available energy at the surface and the availability of water, a variety of techniques can be used for estimation. The near-maximum ET under nonlimiting water availability can be closely approximated by the reference ET concept using near-surface observations of air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation via the Penman–Monteith or a similar method. The determination of actual rates of ET when water is limiting demands a more complex approach, and often requires daily (or even more frequent) water balance data for the upper soil layers. An alternative is to measure the actual ET using micrometeorological techniques such as the eddy-covariance and Bowen ratio methods. The application of standardized calculations for the reference ET is discussed, as are iterative surface energy balance–aerodynamic combinations, which are useful in conditions where water is limiting.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Soil and Water Systems, University of Idaho, Kimberly, USA

    Richard Allen

  2. University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

    Thomas Foken

  3. School of Natural Resources and Dept. Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA

    Ayse Kilic

  4. California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS), California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, USA

    Ricardo Trezza

  5. Research and Extension Center for Irrigation and Agroclimatology (CITRA), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile

    Samuel Ortega-Farias

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  1. Richard Allen
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  2. Thomas Foken
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  3. Ayse Kilic
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  4. Ricardo Trezza
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  5. Samuel Ortega-Farias
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Correspondence to Richard Allen .

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  1. University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

    Thomas Foken

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Allen, R., Foken, T., Kilic, A., Trezza, R., Ortega-Farias, S. (2021). Evapotranspiration Measurements and Calculations. In: Foken, T. (eds) Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52171-4_57

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