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Introduction to the Taxonomy and General Biology of Diptera (Insecta) Involved in the Transmission of Avian Haemosporida

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Avian Malaria and Related Parasites in the Tropics

Abstract

Diptera is one of the most diverse orders of insects with more than 159,000 valid species described worldwide, which are arranged in approximately 158 families. A general overview of insect species of the order Diptera with hematophagous habits is presented. This includes some important characteristics to recognize those families with blood-sucking habits and a simple taxonomic key for their identification. Of the 13 blood-feeding families included, four are known to be involved as vectors of avian haemosporidia and are treated in more detail. As such, an overview of the morphology, biology, importance, taxonomy, and diversity of Culicidae, Simuliidae, Ceratopogonidae, and Hippoboscidae is presented. Basic literature for their study is also provided. The novice is reminded that many technical taxonomical terms will be used, so make sure you follow closely the figures legends and drawings throughout the text; we also include a glossary of terms to help you traverse the journey (remember patience and dedication pay off!).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

    Sergio Ibáñez-Bernal & Karina D. Rivera-García

  2. Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico

    Carlos A. Abella-Medrano

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    Diego Santiago-Alarcon

  2. Department of Anatomy, Cellular Biology and Zoology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain

    Alfonso Marzal

Glossary

Adecticous

Pupa with immobile mandibles (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Aedeagus

In male Diptera, the intromittent organ (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Alula

In adult Diptera, the restricted membranous basal portion of posterior wing margin, distal to upper calypter and basal to anal lobe (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Apneustic

Respiration through the tegument as the tracheal system does not present open functional orifices or spiracles for gas exchange, occurring in some aquatic Diptera larvae (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Apodous

Larvae without true articulate legs (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Basitarsus

The proximal or basal tarsomere of an insect leg (see tarsomere) (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Bristle

A stiff, usually robust seta (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Calypter (sing.), calypteres (plr.)

In Diptera wing, the two basal lobes formed from the posterobasal portion of axillary membrane, proximal to alula. Lower and upper calypteres are recognized (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Cercus (sing.), cerci (plr.)

Paired appendages originated from abdominal segment XI (Snodgrass 1935).

Chaetotaxy

The study of the arrangement and nomenclature of setae or bristles of any part of the body to describe their patterns in taxonomy (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Cibarium

The preoral cavity posterior to the base of the hypopharynx situated more or less at the level of the clypeus (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Claspette (s)

In male mosquito genitalia, the pair of structures derived from gonocoxites or parameres that often present hooks, claws, or specialized setae (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Compound eye

Specialized optic organ of the head in which each functional unit (ommatidium) has two lens and, for that reason, is capable of registering impressions of form. A compound eye may be formed by one to several hundreds of units, externally observed by the cornea or external lens, also called facets (Snodgrass 1935).

Cyclorrhapha

An unranked taxonomic category within the infraorder Muscomorpha that refers to the circular aperture through which the adult escapes the puparium.

Ecdysial line

Suture or cleavage weakness line along which cuticle splits when the insect molts (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Ecdysis

The process of forming the cuticle (Snodgrass 1935).

Endopterygota

Term equivalent to Holometabola, referring to those insects, which pass through a complete metamorphosis, larva is very different from adult, passing by an intermediate stage of pupa for dramatic transformation. Specifically, the term Endopterygota refers to the internal development of wings during larval stage (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Epandrium (sing.), epandria (plr.)

The ninth abdominal tergum in male Diptera and other insects (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Exarate

A type of pupa in which the legs and wings are free from the body and the abdomen is movable (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Exuviae (sing., and plr.)

The class of exocuticle and epicuticle of the immature insect tegument posterior to ecdysis (modified from Torre-Bueno 1989).

Gonocoxite(s)

The coxites of gonopods (Torre-Bueno 1989). The basal segment of the appendages of the abdominal segment IX, assisting copulation.

Gonopod(s)

Appendages of the abdominal segment IX (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Gonostylus (sing.), gonostyli (plr.)

Apical segment of the gonopod or stylus, usually modified to form the clasping organ for reproduction (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Gonotrophic cycle

The average number of days that gravid nematoceran and lower Brachycera Diptera females take to oviposit after taking a blood meal.

Haustellate

Mouthparts modify for sucking (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Histoblast

Imaginal disc (Torre-Bueno 1989). Any of the undifferentiated cells forming a mass in the body of an insect larva that develop later into an adult organ or structure (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Hypandrium

In male insects, the subgenital plate, which in Diptera corresponds to abdominal sternum IX (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Hypopygium (sing.), hypogygia (plr.)

In male Diptera, the abdominal segment IX, or in ample sense all terminalia or genital and postgenital segments (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Lacinia (sing.), laciniae (plr.)

A blade; the inner lobe of the maxilla, articulated to the stipes, that in Diptera is present as a flat lancet-like piercing structure (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Macrotrichia (plr.)

Trichoid sensilla (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Micropyle

One of the openings in the chorion of an insect egg through which spermatozoa enter for fertilization (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Microthrichia

Spicules or small hair-like structures (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Obtect

A pupa in which the wings and other body appendages are appressed to the body and most of the abdominal segments are immovable (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Ocellus (sing.), ocelli (plr.)

A photoreceptive sensorial organ that presents only one lens, and for that reason incapable of registering impressions of form (Snodgrass 1935).

Ommatidium (sing.), ommatidia (plr.)

An individual functional unit of a compound eye (Snodgrass 1935).

Oogenesis

Egg maturation (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Oviparous

Reproducing by eggs laid by the female (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Ovoviviparous

Producing living young by the hatching of the ovum while still within the mother (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Paramere

In male Diptera, a pair of unsegmented paraphallic processes situated between the posterolateral base of aedeagus and the dorsomedial base of gonocoxite (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Parasitoid

An organism that lives in close association with its host and at the host’s expense, and which invariably kills it (e.g., some wasp species injecting their eggs inside caterpillars).

Pecten

Any comb like structure (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Proctiger

The reduced abdominal segment X bearing the anus (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Proleg

Any process that serves the purpose of leg, but that is not a true leg (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Pseudopod

A proleg.

Ptilinum

In Diptera Schizophora, a reversible sac capable of being thrust out of a fissure just above the bases of the antennae, thereby splitting the puparium cover and permitting emergence of the adult (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Scale

A flat modified seta (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Sclerite

Any plate of the body wall bounded by membrane or sutures (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Sclerotized

Hardened through sclerotization (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Sensillum (sing.), sensilla (plr.)

A simple sense organ (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Seta (sing.), setae (plr.)

A sclerotized hair-like projection of cuticula formed by a single trichogen cell and surrounded at the base by a small cuticular ring (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Spermatheca (sing.), spermathecae (plr.)

In females, a receptacle of sperm after coitus.

Spiracle

External opening of the tracheal system (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Squama

Any scale-like structure. In Diptera wing, the proximal posterior lobe.

Styliform

Terminating in a long slender point.

Sulcus (sing.), sulci (plr.)

A groove.

Terminalia

In male Diptera, the genital and postgenital segments.

Trophic

Pertaining to food or nourishment.

Trichoid

Like a hair.

Trichome

Modified hair-like structures.

Unguitractor plate

The ventral sclerite of pretarsus articulating to claws distally (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Vector

An organism carrying a microorganism pathogenic for members of another species (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Vermiform

Worm-shaped.

Viviparity

Retention of the embryo within the female at least until it has almost reached blastokinesis (Torre-Bueno 1989).

Viviparous

Displaying viviparity.

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Ibáñez-Bernal, S., Rivera-García, K.D., Abella-Medrano, C.A. (2020). Introduction to the Taxonomy and General Biology of Diptera (Insecta) Involved in the Transmission of Avian Haemosporida. In: Santiago-Alarcon, D., Marzal, A. (eds) Avian Malaria and Related Parasites in the Tropics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51633-8_5

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