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Greenhouse Gases and Energy Fluxes at Permafrost Zone

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Arctic Hydrology, Permafrost and Ecosystems

Abstract

Energy, water, and greenhouse gas exchange in the permafrost zone play an important role in the regional and global climate system at multiple temporal and spatial scales. High-latitude warming in recent years has substantially altered ecosystem function, including biosphere–atmosphere interaction, which may amplify or dampen future high-latitude warming through a variety of feedback processes. In this chapter, we have reviewed the current state of energy, water, CO2, and CH4 exchange at the northern high-latitude permafrost zone, with synthesizing observed micrometeorological fluxes. Tundra has a higher summer and winter albedo with a longer snow period than boreal forests, resulting in that tundra less transfers sensible and latent energy to the atmosphere. Growing season length determines the spatial variability of the annual gross primary productivity and net growing season CO2 sink. In contrast, interannual variabilities of the annual CO2 budget at boreal forests are determined by ecosystem respiration, indicating an importance of ecosystem respiration in the boreal forests. The CO2 fertilization effect could be an important determinant of the long-term greenhouse gas budget at sites with a near neutral CO2 budget. In terms of annual greenhouse gas budget, CH4 emission is more important than CO2 budget for both boreal forest and Arctic wet tundra. Based on this synthesis, finally, we discuss future possible directions of study to reach a better understanding of changing high-latitude ecosystems, by synthesizing tower flux measurements in Alaska and Siberia and combining these in situ measurements with remote sensing data.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. K Ichii of Chiba University for providing the upscaled flux products, and Dr. T Hiyama of Nagoya University for discussion about water budget. We thank Dr. Y Harazono of Osaka Prefecture University, Dr. AV Rocha of University of Notre Dame, Dr. J Randerson of University of California, Irvine, for providing eddy covariance data at Alaska. We thank Dr. Y Matsuura of Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, and Dr. H Dolman of Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, for providing eddy covariance data at Siberia. Eddy flux data at Council were observed by Dr. J Beringer of University of Western Australia, FS Chapin III and C Copass-Thompson of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and provided through the NCAR Earth Observing Laboratory. Databases of eddy covariance measurements (AsiaFlux, European Fluxes Database Cluster, the NSF Arctic Observatory Network, and NSF Arctic Data Center) facilitated this study. The US-Uaf site were supported by the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS) project awarded to MU. The Barrow, and Atqasuk eddy covariance towers were supported by Office of Polar Programs of the National Science Foundation (NSF) awarded to DZ, and WCO (award number 1204263, and 1702797) with additional logistical support funded by the NSF Office of Polar Programs, and by the Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE), an Earth Ventures (EV-1) investigation, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and by the ABoVE (NNX15AT74A; NNX16AF94A).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan

    Masahito Ueyama

  2. Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan

    Hiroki Iwata

  3. Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Research Institute for Global Change, Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Change Research, Yokohama, Japan

    Hideki Kobayashi

  4. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, AK, USA

    Eugénie Euskirchen

  5. International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Mazingira Centre, Nairobi, Kenya

    Lutz Merbold

  6. School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Nogoya, Japan

    Takeshi Ohta

  7. Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

    Takashi Machimura

  8. Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA

    Donatella Zona & Walter C. Oechel

  9. Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Flagstaff, AZ, USA

    Edward A. G. Schuur

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  1. Masahito Ueyama
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Correspondence to Masahito Ueyama .

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  1. Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada

    Daqing Yang

  2. Water and Environmental Research Center, Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA

    Douglas L. Kane

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Ueyama, M. et al. (2021). Greenhouse Gases and Energy Fluxes at Permafrost Zone. In: Yang, D., Kane, D.L. (eds) Arctic Hydrology, Permafrost and Ecosystems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50930-9_18

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