Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sustainable Agriculture: A Way Out to Combat Food Insecurity and Unsafety in the Context of Climate Change in West Africa

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Food Security and Safety

  • 1563 Accesses

Abstract

A paradigm shift in the way food is produced and distributed is indispensable. Agricultural production models must be rethought to feed the ever-growing population in the face of climate change. Increased attention has been devoted to developing alternative production models, economically viable, less fossil energy-dependent and with low net carbon emission, preserving the environment and establishing or maintaining social equity. Promotion of sustainable agricultural intensification has been heralded as a strategy to combat food insecurity and unsafety in the West African region. This is particularly important in the context of climate change and food insecurity. In this chapter, we portray the complex relationship between sustainable agriculture, food security and safety and climate change. We provide evidence on how sustainable agricultural intensification can ensure food security and safety and enable farmers to better cope with climate change effects in West Africa. We discuss the institutional environment for the promotion of sustainable agriculture. Finally, we present perspectives for increased adoption of sustainable agriculture in the region. Sustainable agriculture is very essential to fight against hunger, malnutrition, and poverty in West Africa.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    https://asi.ucdavis.edu/programs/ucsarep/about/what-is-sustainable-agriculture

References

  • Adetunji, M., Atanda, O., Ezekiel, C. N., Sulyok, M., Warth, B., Beltrán, E., Krska, R., Obadina, O., Bakare, A., & Chilaka, C. A. (2014). Fungal and bacterial metabolites of stored maize (Zea mays, L.) from five agro-ecological zones of Nigeria. Mycotoxin Research, 30, 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-014-0194-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adjimoti, G. O., & Kwadzo, G. T. M. (2018). Crop diversification and household food security status: Evidence from rural Benin. Agriculture and Food Security, 7, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0233-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • African Union. (2003, July 10–12). Assembly of the African Union. Second Ordinary Session. Maputo, Mozambique, pp. 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer, D. W., Dawson, J., Kreuter, U. P., Hendrickson, M., & Halloran, J. M. (2008). Social and political influences on agricultural systems. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 23(4), 272–284. https://doi.org/10.1017/S174217050700169X.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armachius, J., & Zikankuba, L. V. (2018). Mycotoxins contamination in maize alarms food safety in Sub-Saharan Africa. Food Control, 90, 372–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.018.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bankole, S. A., & Adebanjo, A. (2015). Mycotoxins in food in West Africa: Current situation and possibilities of controlling it. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2, 254–263. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2003.000-1053.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barange, M., Merino, G., Blanchard, J. L., Scholtens, J., Harle, J., Allison, E. H., Allen, J. I., Holt, J., & Jennings, S. (2014). Impacts of climate change on marine ecosystem production in societies dependent on fisheries. Nature Climate Change, 4, 211–216. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Council National Research. (1985). Nutritional management of acute diarrhea in infants and children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuni-Sanchez, A., Fandohan, B., Assogbadjo, A. E., & Sinsin, B. (2012). A countrywide multi-ethnic assessment of local communities’ perception of climate change in Benin (West Africa). Climate and Development, 4, 114–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2012.728126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Magny, G. C., Guégan, J. F., Petit, M., & Cazelles, B. (2007). Regional-scale climate-variability synchrony of cholera epidemics in West Africa. BMC Infectious Diseases, 7, 5–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-7-20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Magny, C. G., Thiaw, W., Kumar, V., Manga, N. M., Diop, B. M., Gueye, L., Kamara, M., Roche, B., Murtugudde, R., & Colwell, R. R. (2012). Cholera outbreak in Senegal in 2005: Was climate a factor? PLoS One, 7, e44577. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044577.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diffenbaugh, N. S., & Giorgi, F. (2012). Climate change hotspots in the CMIP5 global climate model ensemble. Climatic Change, 114, 813–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0570-x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • ECOWAS/DAEWR. (2017). ECOWAS Department of Agriculture, environment and water resources ECOWAP/CAADP process 2025. 2025 Strategery Policy Framework, pp. 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich, P. R., & Harte, J. (2016). Opinion: To feed the world in 2050 will require a global revolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112, 14743–14744. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519841112.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fadina, R., & Barjolle, D. (2018). Farmers’ adaptation strategies to climate change and their implications in the Zou Department of South Benin. Environments, 5, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5010015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO. (1988). Report of the FAO Council, 94th Session, 1988. Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO. (1996). World Food Summit, 13–17 November.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO. (2014). Building a common vision for sustainable food and agriculture: Principles and approaches (p. 56). Rome: FAO.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO. (2015). SAFA. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/nr/sustainability_pathways/docs/SAFA_Guidelines_Final_122013.pdf

  • FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, WHO. (2018). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2018. Building climate resilience for food security and nutrition. Rome: FAO.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO, WHO. (2003). Assuring food safety and quality: Guidelines for strenghtening national food control systems. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, 76, 80.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAOSTAT. (2019). FAO statistical division.

    Google Scholar 

  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2005). Fertilizer use by crop in South Africa. From http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5998e/y5998e00.htm#Content

  • Glover-Amengor, M., Agbemafle, I., Hagan, L. L., Mboom, F. P., Gamor, G., Larbi, A., & Hoeschle-Zeledon, I. (2016). Nutritional status of children 0-59 months in selected intervention communities in northern Ghana from the Africa RISING project in 2012. Archives of Public Health, 74, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-016-0124-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, P. J., Ingram, J. S. I., & Brklacih, M. (2005). Climate change and food security. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 360, 2139–2148. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527665334.ch1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hendrickson, J. R., Hanson, J. D., Tanaka, D. L., & Sassenrath, G. (2008). Principles of integrated agricultural systems: Introduction to processes and definition. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 23(4), 265–271. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170507001718.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoeffler, H., & Owuor, B. (2009). High commodity prices – Who gets the money? A case study on the impact of high food and factor prices on Kenyan farmers (Discussion Paper). Heinrich-Boell-Foundation, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingenbleek, L., Sulyok, M., Adegboye, A., Hossou, S. E., Koné, A. Z., Oyedele, A. D., Kisito, C. S. K. J., Dembélé, Y. K., Eyangoh, S., Verger, P., Leblanc, J.-C., Le Bizec, B., & Krska, R. (2019). Regional Sub-Saharan Africa total diet study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria reveals the presence of 164 mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites in foods. Toxins (Basel), 11, 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11010054.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jankowska, M. M., Lopez-Carr, D., Funk, C., Husak, G. J., & Chafe, Z. A. (2012). Climate change and human health: Spatial modeling of water availability, malnutrition, and livelihoods in Mali, Africa. Applied Geography, 33, 4–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.08.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jans, C., Merz, A., Johler, S., Younan, M., Tanner, S. A., Kaindi, D. W. M., Wangoh, J., Bonfoh, B., Meile, L., & Tasara, T. (2017). East and West African milk products are reservoirs for human and livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus. Food Microbiology, 65, 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2017.01.017.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jepson, P. C., Guzy, M., Blaustein, K., Sow, M., Sarr, M., Mineau, P., Kegley, S., & PTRS, B. (2014). Measuring pesticide ecological and health risks in West African agriculture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 369, 20130491.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kabir, K., Baldos, U., & Hertel, T. (2018). Looking forward: Food security in Niger in an era of climate change. Presentation in AAEA 2018, pp. 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karsenty, A. (1996). Maitrise foncière et gestion forestière. In E. Le Roy, A. Karsenty, & A. Bertrand (Eds.), La sécurisation foncière en Afrique. Pour une gestion viable des ressources renouvelables. Paris: Karthala.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karsenty, A., & Maitre, H. F. (1994). L’exploitation et la gestion durable des forêts tropicales. Pour de nouveaux outils de régulations. Bois et forêts des tropiques, 240, 37–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koning, N., & Smaling, E. (2005). Environmental crisis or “lie of the land”? The debate on soil degradation in Africa. Land Use Policy, 22, 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2003.08.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lahmar, R., Bationo, B. A., Dan Lamso, N., Guéro, Y., & Tittonell, P. (2012). Tailoring conservation agriculture technologies to West Africa semi-arid zones: Building on traditional local practices for soil restoration. Field Crops Research, 132, 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.09.013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lam, V. W. Y., Cheung, W. W. L., Swartz, W., & Sumaila, U. R. (2012). Climate change impacts on fisheries in West Africa: Implications for economic, food and nutritional security. African Journal of Marine Science, 34, 103–117. https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2012.673294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre, M., Langrell, S. R. H., & Gomez-y-Paloma, S. (2015). Incentives and policies for integrated pest management in Europe: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35, 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0237-2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maldague, M. (1995). Gestion de l’environnement tropical, aspects techniques (Vol. II). Université de Rennes I CIEM publication 27. Programme en Développement Rural Intégré, Université Laval, Canada. Université de Rennes I, Rennes, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matson, W., Parton, J., Power, A. G., & Swift, M. J. (1997). Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties. Science (80-), 277, 504–509.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matumba, L., Van Poucke, C., Njumbe Ediage, E., & De Saeger, S. (2017). Keeping mycotoxins away from the food: Does the existence of regulations have any impact in Africa? Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57, 1584–1592. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2014.993021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Medina, Á., Rodríguez, A., & Magan, N. (2015). Climate change and mycotoxigenic fungi: Impacts on mycotoxin production. Current Opinion in Food Science, 5, 99–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2015.11.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mensah, E, Almas, L., Guerrero, B. L., Lust, D., & Ibrahimov, M. (2016). Agriculture and the state of food insecurity in Western Africa. Umn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, S., Dongdem, A. Z., Opare, D., Cottavoz, P., Fookes, M., Sadji, A. Y., Dzotsi, E., Dogbe, M., Jeddi, F., Bidjada, B., Piarroux, M., Valentin, O. T., Glèlè, C. K., Rebaudet, S., Sow, A. G., Constantin de Magny, G., Koivogui, L., Dunoyer, J., Bellet, F., Garnotel, E., Thomson, N., & Piarroux, R. (2018). Dynamics of cholera epidemics from Benin to Mauritania. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 12, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moretti, A. (2017). Mycotoxigenic fungi: Methods protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, 1542, 58–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6707-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mylona, K., Maragkoudakis, P., Miko, L., Bock, A. K., Wollgast, J., Caldeira, S., & Ulberth, F. (2018). Viewpoint: Future of food safety and nutrition – Seeking win-wins, coping with trade-offs. Food Policy, 74, 143–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2017.12.002.

  • Neill, S., & Lee, D. R. K. (2001). Explaining the adoption and disadoption of sustainable agriculture: The case of cover crops in Northern Honduras. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 49(4), 793–820.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niang, I., Ruppel, O. C., Abdrabo, M. A., Essel, A., Lennard, C., Padgham, J., & Urquhart, P. (2014). Africa. In V. R. Barros, C. B. Field, D. J. Dokken, M. D. Mastrandrea, K. J. Mach, T. E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K. L. Ebi, Y. O. Estrada, R. C. Genova, B. Girma, E. S. Kissel, A. N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P. R. Mastrandrea, & L. L. White (Eds.), Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability – Contributions of the working group II to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 1199–1265). Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman, D., Janke, R., Freyenberger, S., Schurle, B., & Kok, H. (1997). Defining and implementing sustainable agriculture. Kansas Sustainable Agriculture Series, 1, 1–14. Retrieved March 15, 2004. www.kansassustainableag.org/Pubs_ksaac/ksas1.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nowak, P. (1991, August 8). Farmer adopt of production technologies. Presented at the soil and water conservation society national conference, Lexington, KY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nowak, P. (1992). Why farmers adopt production technology. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 47, 14–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paeth, H., Capo-Chichi, A., & Endlicher, W. (2008). Climate change and food security in tropical West Africa – A dynamic-statistical modelling approach. Erdkunde, 62, 101–115. https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2008.02.01.

  • Parkes, B., Sultan, B., & Ciais, P. (2018). The impact of future climate change and potential adaptation methods on maize yields in West Africa. Climatic Change, 151, 205–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2290-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pretty, J. (2018). Intensification for redesigned and sustainable agricultural systems. Science (80-), 362, eaav0294. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav0294.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pretty, J., & Hine, R. (2001). Reducing food poverty with sustainable agriculture: A summary of new evidence. Colchester: Center for Environment and Society, University of Essex. Unpublished manuscript. Retrieved March 17, 2004. www2.essex.ac.uk/ces/Research/Programmes/SAFEWexecsummfinalreport.htm

  • Pretty, J., Benton, T. G., Bharucha, Z. P., Dicks, L. V., Flora, C. B., Godfray, H. C. J., Goulson, D., Hartley, S., Lampkin, N., Morris, C., Pierzynski, G., Prasad, P. V. V., Reganold, J., Rockström, J., Smith, P., Thorne, P., & Wratten, S. (2018). Global assessment of agricultural system redesign for sustainable intensification. Nature Sustainability, 1, 441–446. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0114-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rauch, T. (2011). Fundamentals of African agriculture. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 50(1), 9–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, D. K., Mueller, N. D., West, P. C., & Foley, J. A. (2013). Yield trends are insufficient to double global crop production by 2050. PLoS One, 8, e66428. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066428.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ritzema, R. S., Frelat, R., Douxchamps, S., Silvestri, S., Rufino, M. C., Herrero, M., Giller, K. E., López-Ridaura, S., Teufel, N., Paul, B. K., & van Wijk, M. T. (2017). Is production intensification likely to make farm households food-adequate? A simple food availability analysis across smallholder farming systems from East and West Africa. Food Security, 9, 115–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-016-0638-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkodie, S. A. (2018). The invisible hand and EKC hypothesis: What are the drivers of environmental degradation and pollution in Africa? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 21993–22022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2347-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sassenrath, G. F., Wiener, J. D., Hendrickson, J., Schneider, J., & Archer, D. (2010). Achieving effective landscape conservation: Evolving demands, adaptive metrics. In M. Schnepf (Ed.), Managing agricultural landscapes for environmental quality: Achieving more effective conservation (pp. 107–120). Ankeny: Soil and Water Conservation Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, A. K., Gaiser, T., Paeth, H., & Ewert, F. (2012). The impact of climate change on Yam (Dioscorea alata) yield in the savanna zone of West Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 153, 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.03.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, J., Byerlee, D., Villoria, N., Kelley, T., & Maredia, M. (2011). Agricultural technology, global land use and deforestation: A review. CGIAR. Available at: http://impact.cgiar.org/sites/default/files/images/SPIAlandJune2011.pdf

  • Suvedi, M., Jeong, E., & Coombs, J. (2010). Education needs of Michigan farmers. Journal of Extension, 48(3), 1–11. Retrieved from: http://www.joe.org/joe/2010june/rb7.php.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terres, J. M., & Prosperi, P. (2008). Agriculture Durable et Conservation des Sols (pp. 1–75). Toulouse: European Commission, Joint Research Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J., & Befort, B. L. (2011). Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 20260–20264. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116437108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tirado, M. C., Clarke, R., Jaykus, L. A., McQuatters-Gollop, A., & Frank, J. (2010). Climate change and food safety: A review. Food Research International, 43, 1745–1765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.07.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tittonell, P. (2014). Ecological intensification of agriculture-sustainable by nature. Current Opinion in Environment Sustainability, 8, 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2014.08.006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Udomkun, P., Wiredu, N. A., Nagle, M., Bandyopadhyay, R., Müller, J., & Vanlauwe, B. (2017). Mycotoxins in Sub-Saharan Africa : Present situation, socio-economic impact, awareness, and outlook. Food Control, 72, 110–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.07.039.

  • Umbadda, S., & Elgizouli, I. (2017). Foreign aid and sustainable agriculture in Africa. In Y. Huang & U. Pascual (Eds.), Aid effectiveness for environmental sustainability (pp. 369–395). Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (2015). Sustainable development goals. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/. Accessed 19 Mar 2019.

  • Waliyar, F., Sudini, H., Umeh, V. C., Diarra, B., Kodio, O., Traore, A., Ntare, B. R., Vijay Krishna Kumar, K., & Osiru, M. (2015). Prevalence and distribution of aflatoxin contamination in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Mali, West Africa. Crop Protection, 70, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2014.12.007.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, T., & Von Braun, J. (2013). Climate change impacts on global food security. Science (80-), 341, 508–513.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodhouse, P. (2010). Beyond industrial agriculture? Some questions about farm size, productivity and sustainability. Journal of Agrarian Change, 10, 437–453. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2010.00278.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wossen, T., Berger, T., Haile, M. G., & Troost, C. (2018). Impacts of climate variability and food price volatility on household income and food security of farm households in East and West Africa. Agricultural Systems, 163, 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.02.006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yahaya, I., Yamoah, F. A., & Adams, F. (2015). Consumer motivation and willingness to pay for “safer” vegetables in Ghana. British Food Journal, 117, 1043–1065. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-10-2013-0296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zahm, F. (2011). De l’évaluation de la performance globale d’une exploitation agricole à l’évaluation de la politique publique agro-environnementale de la Politique Agricole Commune. Une approche par les indicateurs agro-environnementaux, Thèse en économie de l’agriculture et des ressources, Université Européenne de Bretagne et Agrocampus-ouest, Rennes.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Plant Science, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Republic of Benin

    Vincent Ezin

  2. College of Basic and Applied Science, West Africa Center for Crop Improvement, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana

    Mathieu Anatole Tele Ayenan

Authors
  1. Vincent Ezin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mathieu Anatole Tele Ayenan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Food Security and Safety Niche, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa

    Olubukola Oluranti Babalola

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ezin, V., Ayenan, M.A.T. (2021). Sustainable Agriculture: A Way Out to Combat Food Insecurity and Unsafety in the Context of Climate Change in West Africa. In: Babalola, O.O. (eds) Food Security and Safety . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50672-8_22

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation