Abstract
3D printing can lead to a technological breakthrough in the construction sector. However, the sustainability aspect of 3D printing mortar can be disputable, as 3D printable mortar contains a high amount of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The sustainability can be increased by replacing OPC with an Fe-rich slag, which originates from the metallurgical industry and is nowadays used for low-value applications. A mortar composition consisting mainly of slag and a small amount of OPC is called a hybrid mortar and is alkali-activated to ensure that the slag is participating in the binder formation. In this study, the amount of OPC is decreased significantly, down to 6 wt% and the slag content is increased up to 28 wt% over total solid content. This work investigated the effect of several components in the hybrid mixture on the early-age stiffness development, late-age shrinkage, creep and mechanical strength and is compared to a commercial OPC-based 3D printable mortar. The components, which are important to obtain a 3D printable mixture, comprise OPC, Si fume, fine limestone, superplasticizer and carbon fibres. This study shows that the additions significantly influence the stiffness and mechanical strength development of the hybrid. The shrinkage and creep behaviour of the hybrid was considerably lower compared to the benchmark material.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barbosa, F., Woetzel, J., Mischke, J., Ribeirinho, M.J., Sridhar, M., Parsons, M.: Reinventing Construction: A Route to Higher Productivity. McKinsey Global Institute (2017)
Sai Sandeep, U., Muralidhara Rao, T.: A review on 3D printing of concrete-the future of sustainable construction. J. Civ. Eng. 7(3), 49–62 (2017)
Kothman, I., Faber, N.: How 3D printing technology changes the rules of the game. J. Manuf. Technol. Manage. 27(7), 932–943 (2016)
Bos, F., Wolfs, R., Ahmed, Z., Salet, T.: Additive manufacturing of concrete in construction: potentials and challenges of 3D concrete printing. Virtual Phys. Prototyping 11(3), 209–225 (2016)
Chen, Y., Copuroglu, O., Veer, F.: A critical review of 3D concrete printing as a low CO2 concrete approach. Heron 62(3), 1–23 (2017)
Li, C., Gong, X.Z., Cui, S.P., Wang, Z.H., Zheng, Y., Chi, B.C.: CO2 emissions due to cement manufacture. Mater. Sci. Forum 685, 181–187 (2011)
Hendriks, C.A., Worrell, E., Price, L., Martin, N., Ozawa Meida, L., Jager, D.: Emission reduction of greenhouse gases from the cement industry. In: Materials Science, pp. 939–944 (2003)
Panda, B., Paul, S.C., Hui, L.J., Tay, Y.W.D., Tan, M.J.: Additive manufacturing of geopolymer for sustainable built environment. J. Clean. Prod. 167, 281–288 (2017)
Panda, B., Unluer, C., Tan, M.J.: Investigation of the rheology and strength of geopolymer mixtures for extrusion-based 3D printing. Cement Concr. Compos. 94, 307–314 (2018)
Kazemian, A., Yuan, X., Cochran, E., Khoshnevis, B.: Cementitious materials for construction-scale 3D printing: laboratory testing of fresh printing mixture. Constr. Build. Mater. 145, 639–647 (2017)
Alghamdi, H., Nair, S.A.O., Neithalath, N.: Insights into material design, extrusion rheology, and properties of 3D-printable alkali-activated fly ash-based binders. Mater. Des. 167, 107634–107647 (2019)
Le, T.T., Austin, S.A., Lim, S., Buswell, R.A., Gibb, A.G.F., Thorpe, T.: Mix design and fresh properties for high-performance printing concrete. Mater. Struct. 45(8), 1221–1232 (2012)
Turner, L.K., Collins, F.G.: Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) emissions: a comparison between geopolymer and OPC cement concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 43, 125–130 (2013)
van Deventer, J.S.J., Provis, J.L., Duxson, P., Brice, D.G.: Chemical research and climate change as drivers in the commercial adoption of alkali activated materials. Waste Biomass Valorisation 1(1), 145–155 (2010)
Ferrari, L., Kaufmann, J., Winnefeld, F., Plank, J.: Interaction of cement model systems with superplasticizers investigated by atomic force microscopy, zeta potential, and adsorption measurements. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 347(1), 15–24 (2010)
Siddique, R., Khan, M.I.: Supplementary Cementing Materials. Springer, Berlin (2011)
Rao, G.A.: Long-term drying shrinkage of mortar—influence of silica fume and size of fine aggregate. Cem. Concr. Res. 31(2), 171–175 (2001)
Qian, C., Zhang, Y., Huang, H., Qu, J., Guo, J.: Influences of superplasticizers on the basic and drying creep of concrete. Struct. Concr. 17(5), 729–735 (2016)
Song, W., Yi, J., Wu, H., He, X., Song, Q., Yin, J.: Effect of carbon fiber on mechanical properties and dimensional stability of concrete incorporated with granulated-blast furnace slag. J. Clean. Prod. 238(117819), 1–11 (2019)
Xiang, J., Liu, L., Cui, X., He, Y., Zheng, G., Shi, C.: Effect of limestone on rheological, shrinkage and mechanical properties of alkali – activated slag/fly ash grouting materials. Constr. Build. Mater. 191, 1285–1292 (2018)
Rostami, M., Behfarnia, K.: The effect of silica fume on durability of alkali activated slag concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 134, 262–268 (2017)
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank B. Rijssen and M. Suijs for their support in performing the measurements. This research has received financial support of the Center for Research, Recovery, and Recycling (https://wp.wpi.edu/cr3/).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 RILEM
About this paper
Cite this paper
Beersaerts, G., Lucas, S.S., Pontikes, Y. (2020). An Fe-Rich Slag-Based Mortar for 3D Printing. In: Bos, F., Lucas, S., Wolfs, R., Salet, T. (eds) Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication. DC 2020. RILEM Bookseries, vol 28. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49916-7_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49916-7_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-49915-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-49916-7
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)