Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVM’s) are a complex tangle of abnormal veins and arteries that are missing a capillary bed. They are thought to begin during fetal development, undergo an unclear maturation process, and most often do not become symptomatic until adulthood. Prospective studies have suggested that relatively few patients present with neuropsychological abnormalities in the absence of hemorrhage. In general, neuropsychological evaluations of patients with AVM have yielded mixed results with respect to localization of function, and most cognitive studies have not been able to demonstrate the nature and degree of impairment seen in acute ischemic stroke in comparable brain regions. Superselective Wada testing prior to therapeutic embolization, functional imaging studies and intrasurgical cortical mapping have shown redistribution of language and memory, often to distant regions that my represent functional networks. Developmental cognitive history in these patients indicates that most will have at least some background of learning problems during the school-age years with varying degrees of severity, indicating a time when brain reorganization may be occurring. These data suggest that traditional assumptions about eloquence of brain regions may not hold for patients with AVMs, and that establishing treatment risk in the individual patient needs to be made on an empirical basis.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abla, A. A., Nelson, J., Rutledge, W. C., Young, W. L., Kim, H., & Lawton, M. T. (2014). The natural history of AVM hemorrhage in the posterior fossa: Comparison of hematoma volumes and neurological outcomes in patients with ruptured infra- and supratentorial AVMs. Neurosurgical Focus, 37(3), E6.
Alkadhi, H., Kollias, S. S., Crelier, G. R., Golay, X., Hepp-Reymond, M. C., & Valavanis, A. (2000). Plasticity of the human motor cortex in patients with arteriovenous malformations: A functional MR imaging study. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 21(8), 1423–1433.
AVM Study Group. (1999). Arteriovenous malformations of the brain in adults. The New England Journal of Medicine, 340(23), 1812.
Baker, R. P., McCarter, R. J., & Porter, D. G. (2004). Improvement in cognitive function after right temporal arteriovenous malformation excision. British Journal of Neurosurgery, 18(5), 541–544.
Bambakidis, N. C., Cockroft, K. M., Hirsch, J. A., Connolly, E. S., Amin-Hanjani, S., Meyers, P. M., & Friedlander, R. M. (2014). The case against a randomized trial of unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations: Misinterpretation of a flawed study. Stroke, 6(8), 567–577.
Bambakidis, N. C., Sunshine, J. L., Faulhaber, P. F., Tarr, R. W., Selman, W. R., & Ratcheson, R. A. (2001). Functional evaluation of arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgical Focus, 11(5), e2.
Brown, R. D., Jr., Wiebers, D. O., Forbes, G., O’Fallon, W. M., Piepgras, D. G., Marsh, W. R., & Maciunas, R. J. (1988). The natural history of unruptured intracranial arteriovenous malformations. Journal of Neurosurgery, 68(3), 352–357.
Brown, R. D., Jr., Wiebers, D. O., & Forbes, G. S. (1990). Unruptured intracranial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations: Frequency of intracranial hemorrhage and relationship of lesions. Journal of Neurosurgery, 73(6), 859–863.
Brown, R. D., Jr., Wiebers, D. O., Torner, J. C., & O’Fallon, W. M. (1996). Frequency of intracranial hemorrhage as a presenting symptom and subtype analysis: A population-based study of intracranial vascular malformations in Olmsted country, Minnesota. Journal of Neurosurgery, 85(1), 29–32.
Buklina, S. B. (2001). Memory impairment and deep brain structures. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 31(2), 171–177.
Buklina, S. B. (2002). The unilateral spatial neglect phenomenon in patients with arteriovenous malformations of deep brain structures. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 32(6), 555–560.
Burchiel, K. J., Clarke, H., Ojemann, G. A., Dacey, R. G., & Winn, H. R. (1989). Use of stimulation mapping and corticography in the excision of arteriovenous malformations in sensorimotor and language-related neocortex. Neurosurgery, 24(3), 322–327.
Cannestra, A. F., Pouratian, N., Forage, J., Bookheimer, S. Y., Martin, N. A., & Toga, A. W. (2004). Functional magnetic resonance imaging and optical imaging for dominant-hemisphere perisylvian arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery, 55(4), 804–812; discussion 812–804.
Choi, J. H., & Mohr, J. P. (2005). Brain arteriovenous malformations in adults. Lancet Neurology, 4(5), 299–308.
Cloft, H. J., Joseph, G. J., & Dion, J. E. (1999). Risk of cerebral angiography in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral aneurysm, and arteriovenous malformation: A meta-analysis. Stroke, 30(2), 317–320.
Diehl, R. R., Henkes, H., Nahser, H. C., Kuhne, D., & Berlit, P. (1994). Blood flow velocity and vasomotor reactivity in patients with arteriovenous malformations. A transcranial Doppler study. Stroke, 25(8), 1574–1580.
Drake, C. G. (1979). Cerebral arteriovenous malformations: Considerations for and experience with surgical treatment in 166 cases. Clinical Neurosurgery, 26, 145–208.
Duong, D. H., Young, W. L., Vang, M. C., Sciacca, R. R., Mast, H., Koennecke, H. C., … Pile-Spellman, J. (1998). Feeding artery pressure and venous drainage pattern are primary determinants of hemorrhage from cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Stroke, 29(6), 1167–1176.
Festa, J. R., Lazar, R. M., Marshall, R. S., Pile-Spellman, J., Chong, J. Y., & Duong, H. (2004). Dural arteriovenous fistula presents like an ischemic stroke. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 17(1), 50–53.
Fitzsimmons, B. F., Marshall, R. S., Pile-Spellman, J., & Lazar, R. M. (2003). Neurobehavioral differences in superselective Wada testing with amobarbital versus lidocaine. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 24(7), 1456–1460.
Fogarty-Mack, P., Pile-Spellman, J., Hacein-Bey, L., Osipov, A., DeMeritt, J., Jackson, E. C., & Young, W. L. (1996). The effect of arteriovenous malformations on the distribution of intracerebral arterial pressures. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 17(8), 1443–1449.
Frishberg, B. M. (1994). The utility of neuroimaging in the evaluation of headache in patients with normal neurologic examinations. Neurology, 44(7), 1191–1197.
Frishberg, B. M. (1997). Neuroimaging in presumed primary headache disorders. Seminars in Neurology, 17(4), 373–382.
Furlan, A. J., Whisnant, J. P., & Elveback, L. R. (1979). The decreasing incidence of primary intracerebral hemorrhage: A population study. Annals of Neurology, 5(4), 367–373.
Garrido, E., & Stein, B. (1978). Removal of an arteriovenous malformation from the basal ganglion. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 41(11), 992–995.
Ghossoub, M., Nataf, F., Merienne, L., Devaux, B., Turak, B., & Roux, F. X. (2001). Characteristics of headache associated with cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neurochirurgie, 47(2–3 Pt 2), 177–183.
Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1983). Boston diagnostic aphasia examination (BDAE). Philidelphia: Lea & Febiger.
Graeb, D. A., & Dolman, C. L. (1986). Radiological and pathological aspects of dural arteriovenous fistulas. Case report. Journal of Neurosurgery, 64(6), 962–967.
Graf, C. J., Perret, G. E., & Torner, J. C. (1983). Bleeding from cerebral arteriovenous malformations as part of their natural history. Journal of Neurosurgery, 58(3), 331–337.
Gross, C. R., Kase, C. S., Mohr, J. P., Cunningham, S. C., & Baker, W. E. (1984). Stroke in South Alabama: Incidence and diagnostic features—A population-based study. Stroke, 15(2), 249–255.
Guo, W. Y., Lee, S. M., Chang, Y. C., & Pan, H. C. (2006). The impact of arteriovenous malformation radiosurgery on the brain: From morphology and perfusion to neurocognition. Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, 84(4), 162–169.
Hashimoto, H., Iida, J., Kawaguchi, S., & Sakaki, T. (2004). Clinical features and management of brain arteriovenous malformations in elderly patients. Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien), 146(10), 1091–1098. discussion 1098.
Hashimoto, T., Lawton, M. T., Wen, G., Yang, G. Y., Chaly, T., Jr., Stewart, C. L., … Young, W. L. (2004). Gene microarray analysis of human brain arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery, 54(2), 410–423. discussion 423–415.
Heros, R. C., Korosue, K., & Diebold, P. M. (1990). Surgical excision of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: Late results. Neurosurgery, 26(4), 570–577. discussion 577–578.
Hillman, J. (2001). Population-based analysis of arteriovenous malformation treatment. Journal of Neurosurgery, 95(4), 633–637.
Hofmeister, C., Stapf, C., Hartmann, A., Sciacca, R. R., Mansmann, U., terBrugge, K., … Meisel, J. (2000). Demographic, morphological, and clinical characteristics of 1289 patients with brain arteriovenous malformation. Stroke, 31(6), 1307–1310.
Hoh, B. L., Chapman, P. H., Loeffler, J. S., Carter, B. S., & Ogilvy, C. S. (2002). Results of multimodality treatment for 141 patients with brain arteriovenous malformations and seizures: Factors associated with seizure incidence and seizure outcomes. Neurosurgery, 51(2), 303–309. discussion 309–311.
Hurst, R. W., Bagley, L. J., Galetta, S., Glosser, G., Lieberman, A. P., Trojanowski, J., … Flamm, E. S. (1998). Dementia resulting from dural arteriovenous fistulas: The pathologic findings of venous hypertensive encephalopathy. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 19(7), 1267–1273.
Ito, M., Sonokawa, T., Mishina, H., & Sato, K. (1995). Reversible dural arteriovenous malformation-induced venous ischemia as a cause of dementia: Treatment by surgical occlusion of draining dural sinus: Case report. Neurosurgery, 37(6), 1187–1191; discussion 1191–1182.
Iwama, T., Hayashida, K., Takahashi, J. C., Nagata, I., & Hashimoto, N. (2002). Cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations: An evaluation using positron emission tomography scanning. Journal of Neurosurgery, 97(6), 1314–1321.
Klimo, P., Jr., Rao, G., & Brockmeyer, D. (2007). Pediatric arteriovenous malformations: A 15-year experience with an emphasis on residual and recurrent lesions. Child’s Nervous System, 23(1), 31–37.
Kloster, R. (1997). Subarachnoid hemorrhage in Vestfold county. Occurrence and prognosis. Tidsskrift for den Norske Lægeforening, 117(13), 1879–1882.
Kondziolka, D., McLaughlin, M. R., & Kestle, J. R. (1995). Simple risk predictions for arteriovenous malformation hemorrhage. Neurosurgery, 37(5), 851–855.
Kumar, A. J., Fox, A. J., Vinuela, F., & Rosenbaum, A. E. (1984). Revisited old and new CT findings in unruptured larger arteriovenous malformations of the brain. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 8(4), 648–655.
Kumar, K., Malik, S., & Demeria, D. (2002). Treatment of chronic pain with spinal cord stimulation versus alternative therapies: Cost-effectiveness analysis. Neurosurgery, 51(1), 106–115. discussion 115–106.
Kurl, S., Saari, T., Vanninen, R., & Hernesniemi, J. (1996). Dural arteriovenous fistulas of superior sagittal sinus: Case report and review of literature. Surgical Neurology, 45(3), 250–255.
Langer, D. J., Lasner, T. M., Hurst, R. W., Flamm, E. S., Zager, E. L., & King, J. T., Jr. (1998). Hypertension, small size, and deep venous drainage are associated with risk of hemorrhagic presentation of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery, 42(3), 481–486. discussion 487–489.
Lantz, E. R., Lavine, S. D., Festa, J. R., Connolly, E. S., Jr., Wright, C. B., & Lazar, R. M. (2009). Acute confusional syndrome from a dural arteriovenous fistula. Neurosurgery, 65(1), E208–E209.
Lantz, E. R., & Meyers, P. M. (2008). Neuropsychological effects of brain arteriovenous malformation. Neuropsychology Review, 18(2), 167–177.
Lazar, R. M., Connaire, K., Marshall, R. S., Pile-Spellman, J., Hacein-Bey, L., Solomon, R. A., … Mohr, J. P. (1999). Developmental deficits in adult patients with arteriovenous malformations. Archives of Neurology, 56(1), 103–106.
Lazar, R. M., Marshall, R. S., Pile-Spellman, J., Duong, H. C., Mohr, J. P., Young, W. L., … DeLaPaz, R. L. (2000). Interhemispheric transfer of language in patients with left frontal cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Neuropsychologia, 38(10), 1325–1332.
Lazar, R. M., Marshall, R. S., Pile-Spellman, J., Hacein-Bey, L., Young, W. L., Mohr, J. P., & Stein, B. M. (1997). Anterior translocation of language in patients with left cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Neurology, 49(3), 802–808.
Lehericy, S., Biondi, A., Sourour, N., Vlaicu, M., du Montcel, S. T., Cohen, L., … Marsault, C. (2002). Arteriovenous brain malformations: Is functional MR imaging reliable for studying language reorganization in patients? Initial observations. Radiology, 223(3), 672–682.
Loring, D. W. (1999). INS dictionary of neuropsychology. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lunsford, L. D., Kondziolka, D., Flickinger, J. C., Bissonette, D. J., Jungreis, C. A., Maitz, A. H., … Coffey, R. J. (1991). Stereotactic radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations of the brain. Journal of Neurosurgery, 75(4), 512–524.
Mahalick, D. M., Ruff, R. M., Heary, R. F., & U, H. S. (1993). Preoperative versus postoperative neuropsychological sequelae of arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery, 33(4), 563–570. discussion 570–561.
Maldjian, J., Atlas, S. W., Howard, R. S., II, Greenstein, E., Alsop, D., Detre, J. A., … Flamm, E. S. (1996). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of regional brain activity in patients with intracerebral arteriovenous malformations before surgical or endovascular therapy. Journal of Neurosurgery, 84(3), 477–483.
Malik, G. M., Seyfried, D. M., & Morgan, J. K. (1996). Temporal lobe arteriovenous malformations: Surgical management and outcome. Surgical Neurology, 46(2), 106–114; discussion 114–105.
Marshall, G. A., Jonker, B. P., Morgan, M. K., & Taylor, A. J. (2003). Prospective study of neuropsychological and psychosocial outcome following surgical excision of intracerebral arteriovenous malformations. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 10(1), 42–47.
Mast, H., Mohr, J. P., Osipov, A., Pile-Spellman, J., Marshall, R. S., Lazar, R. M., … Young, W. L. (1995). ‘Steal’ is an unestablished mechanism for the clinical presentation of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Stroke, 26(7), 1215–1220.
Mast, H., Young, W. L., Koennecke, H. C., Sciacca, R. R., Osipov, A., Pile-Spellman, J., … Mohr, J. P. (1997). Risk of spontaneous haemorrhage after diagnosis of cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Lancet, 350(9084), 1065–1068.
Matsuda, S., Waragai, M., Shinotoh, H., Takahashi, N., Takagi, K., & Hattori, T. (1999). Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) presenting progressive dementia and parkinsonism. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 165(1), 43–47.
McCormick, W. (1978). Classification, pathology, and natural history of the central nervous system. Neurological Neurosurgery, 14, 2–7.
McCormick, W. F. (1966). The pathology of vascular (“arteriovenous”) malformations. Journal of Neurosurgery, 24(4), 807–816.
McCormick, W. F., & Rosenfield, D. B. (1973). Massive brain hemorrhage: A review of 144 cases and an examination of their causes. Stroke, 4(6), 946–954.
Meisel, H. J., Mansmann, U., Alvarez, H., Rodesch, G., Brock, M., & Lasjaunias, P. (2000). Cerebral arteriovenous malformations and associated aneurysms: Analysis of 305 cases from a series of 662 patients. Neurosurgery, 46(4), 793–800; discussion 800–792.
Mohr, J. H. A., Mast, H., Pile-Spellman, J., Schumacher, H. C., & Stapf, C. (2004). Anteriovenous malformations and other vascular anomalies. In J. P. Mohr, D. W. Choi, J. C. Grotta, B. Weir, & P. A. Wolf (Eds.), Stroke pathophysiology, diagnosis and management (pp. 397–421). Philidelphia: Churchill Livingstone.
Murphy, J. (1954). Vascular tumors: Arteriovenous malformations of the brain. In J. P. Mohr (Ed.), Cerebrovascular disease (pp. 242–262). Chicago: Yearbook Medical.
Nagata, S., Morioka, T., Matsukado, K., Natori, Y., & Sasaki, T. (2006). Retrospective analysis of the surgically treated temporal lobe arteriovenous malformations with focus on the visual field defects and epilepsy. Surgical Neurology, 66(1), 50–55. discussion 55.
Newton, T. H., & Cronqvist, S. (1969). Involvement of dural arteries in intracranial arteriovenous malformations. Radiology, 93(5), 1071–1078.
O’Brien, P., Neyastani, A., Buckley, A. R., Chang, S. D., & Legiehn, G. M. (2006). Uterine arteriovenous malformations: From diagnosis to treatment. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 25(11), 1387–1392.
Ogilvy, C. S. (1990). Radiation therapy for arteriovenous malformations: A review. Neurosurgery, 26(5), 725–735.
Ogilvy, C. S., Stieg, P. E., Awad, I., Brown, R. D., Jr., Kondziolka, D., Rosenwasser, R., … Hademenos, G. (2001). AHA scientific statement: Recommendations for the management of intracranial arteriovenous malformations: A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the stroke council, American Stroke Association. Stroke, 32(6), 1458–1471.
Ondra, S. L., Troupp, H., George, E. D., & Schwab, K. (1990). The natural history of symptomatic arteriovenous malformations of the brain: A 24-year follow-up assessment. Journal of Neurosurgery, 73(3), 387–391.
Pawlikowska, L., Tran, M. N., Achrol, A. S., McCulloch, C. E., Ha, C., Lind, D. L., … Young, W. L. (2004). Polymorphisms in genes involved in inflammatory and angiogenic pathways and the risk of hemorrhagic presentation of brain arteriovenous malformations. Stroke, 35(10), 2294–2300.
Perret, G., & Nishioka, H. (1966). Report on the cooperative study of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Section VI. Arteriovenous malformations. An analysis of 545 cases of cranio-cerebral arteriovenous malformations and fistulae reported to the cooperative study. Journal of Neurosurgery, 25(4), 467–490.
Piepgras, D. G., Sundt, T. M., Jr., Ragoowansi, A. T., & Stevens, L. (1993). Seizure outcome in patients with surgically treated cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Journal of Neurosurgery, 78(1), 5–11.
Redekop, G., TerBrugge, K., Montanera, W., & Willinsky, R. (1998). Arterial aneurysms associated with cerebral arteriovenous malformations: Classification, incidence, and risk of hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery, 89(4), 539–546.
Richling, B., Killer, M., Al-Schameri, A. R., Ritter, L., Agic, R., & Krenn, M. (2006). Therapy of brain arteriovenous malformations: Multimodality treatment from a balanced standpoint. Neurosurgery, 59(5 Suppl 3), S148–S157.
Riina, H. A., & Gobin, Y. P. (2001). Grading and surgical planning for intracranial arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgical Focus, 11(5), e3.
Ruiz-Sandoval, J. L., Cantu, C., & Barinagarrementeria, F. (1999). Intracerebral hemorrhage in young people: Analysis of risk factors, location, causes, and prognosis. Stroke, 30(3), 537–541.
Spetzler, R. F., Hargraves, R. W., McCormick, P. W., Zabramski, J. M., Flom, R. A., & Zimmerman, R. S. (1992). Relationship of perfusion pressure and size to risk of hemorrhage from arteriovenous malformations. Journal of Neurosurgery, 76(6), 918–923.
Spetzler, R. F., & Martin, N. A. (1986). A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformations. Journal of Neurosurgery, 65(4), 476–483.
Spetzler, R. F., Martin, N. A., Carter, L. P., Flom, R. A., Raudzens, P. A., & Wilkinson, E. (1987). Surgical management of large AVM’s by staged embolization and operative excision. Journal of Neurosurgery, 67(1), 17–28.
St George, E. J., Butler, P., & Plowman, P. N. (2002). Can magnetic resonance imaging alone accurately define the arteriovenous nidus for gamma knife radiosurgery? Journal of Neurosurgery, 97(5 Suppl), 464–470.
Stabell, K. E., & Nornes, H. (1994). Prospective neuropsychological investigation of patients with supratentorial arteriovenous malformations. Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien), 131(1–2), 32–44.
Stapf, C., Mast, H., Sciacca, R. R., Choi, J. H., Khaw, A. V., Connolly, E. S., … Mohr, J. P. (2006). Predictors of hemorrhage in patients with untreated brain arteriovenous malformation. Neurology, 66(9), 1350–1355.
Stapf, C., Mohr, J. P., Choi, J. H., Hartmann, A., & Mast, H. (2006). Invasive treatment of unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations is experimental therapy. Current Opinion in Neurology, 19(1), 63–68.
Stapf, C., Mohr, J. P., Pile-Spellman, J., Solomon, R. A., Sacco, R. L., & Connolly, E. S., Jr. (2001). Epidemiology and natural history of arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery Focus, 11(5), e1.
Steiner, L., & Lindquist, C. (1987). Radiosurgery in cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus.
Steinvorth, S., Wenz, F., Wildermuth, S., Essig, M., Fuss, M., Lohr, F., … Hacke, W. (2002). Cognitive function in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations after radiosurgery: Prospective long-term follow-up. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 54(5), 1430–1437.
Takemori, A. E. (1992). Opioid pharmacology a’la mode. NIDA Research Monograph, 119, 21–26.
Tanaka, K., Morooka, Y., Nakagawa, Y., & Shimizu, S. (1999). Dural arteriovenous malformation manifesting as dementia due to ischemia in bilateral thalami. A case report. Surgical Neurology, 51(5), 489–493. discussion 493–484.
Turjman, F., Massoud, T. F., Sayre, J. W., Vinuela, F., Guglielmi, G., & Duckwiler, G. (1995). Epilepsy associated with cerebral arteriovenous malformations: A multivariate analysis of angioarchitectural characteristics. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 16(2), 345–350.
Tyler, J. L., Leblanc, R., Meyer, E., Dagher, A., Yamamoto, Y. L., Diksic, M., & Hakim, A. (1989). Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of cerebral arteriovenous malformations studied by positron emission tomography. Stroke, 20(7), 890–898.
Unla, E., Teminzoz, O., Abayram, S., Genchellac, H., Hamamcioglu, M. K., Kurt, I., & Demir, M. K. (2006). Contrast-enhanced MR 3D angiography in the assessment of brain AVMs. European Journal of Radiology, 60(3), 367–378.
Van Roost, D., & Schramm, J. (2001). What factors are related to impairment of cerebrovascular reserve before and after arteriovenous malformation resection? A cerebral blood flow study using xenon-enhanced computed tomography. Neurosurgery, 48(4), 709–716. discussion 716–707.
Warren, D. J., Hoggard, N., Walton, L., Radatz, M. W., Kemeny, A. A., Forster, D. M., … Griffiths, P. D. (2001). Cerebral arteriovenous malformations: Comparison of novel magnetic resonance angiographic techniques and conventional catheter angiography. Neurosurgery, 48(5), 973–982; discussion 982–973.
Wechsler, D. (1987). Weschler memory scale: Revised manual. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation/Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Wenz, F., Steinvorth, S., Wildermuth, S., Lohr, F., Fuss, M., Debus, J., … Wannenmacher, M. (1998). Assessment of neuropsychological changes in patients with arteriovenous malformation (AVM) after radiosurgery. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 42(5), 995–999.
Whigham, K. B., & O’Toole, K. (2007). Understanding the neuropsychologic outcome of pediatric AVM within a neurodevelopmental framework. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 20(4), 244–257.
Yamada, S., Liwnicz, B., Lonser, R. R., & Knierim, D. (1999). Scanning electron microscopy of arteriovenous malformations. Neurology Research, 21(6), 541–544.
Yeh, H. S., Tew, J. M., & Gartner, M. (1993). Seizure control after surgery on arteriovenous malformations. Journal of Neurosurgery, 78(1), 12–18.
Zeidman, S. M., Monsein, L. H., Arosarena, O., Aletich, V., Biafore, J. A., Dawson, R. C., … Hurko, O. (1995). Reversibility of white matter changes and dementia after treatment of dural fistulas. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 16(5), 1080–1083.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lazar, R.M., Meyers, P.M. (2020). Neuropsychological Effects of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations. In: Lazar, R., Pavol, M., Browndyke, J. (eds) Neurovascular Neuropsychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49586-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49586-2_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-49585-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-49586-2
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)