Abstract
The best-selling book ‘Silent Spring’ (1962, by Rachel Carson) quivered the international awareness about the role of pesticides for fatally damaging the avian population, but, after more than five decades of such information and advent of various other functionally similar chemicals, still there are overwhelming recent reports of toxicity of pesticides. Globally, over 5 billion pounds of conventional pesticides are used annually for various purposes; these contaminants may act as silent killer of birds. Several studies suggest that the different populations of birds such as songbird, peregrine falcons, ospreys, and Swainson’s hawks are unwitting victims of pesticide contamination.
Popular organochlorine pesticides like DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) have been replaced by moderately toxic broad-spectrum insecticides, including organophosphates and carbamates and synthetic pyrethroids. Unfortunately, exposures to the organophosphates and carbamates still pose major threats to the different avian species. Having being important component of the ecosystem and their plentitude and sensitivity to direct and indirect effects of environment birds make themselves best indicators of early warning of any environmental problems and threats. Species of different shore, grassland, farmland, and migratory birds are directly exposed to lethal doses of these pesticides or through secondary poisoning.
Both organophosphates and carbamates are anti-cholinesterase chemicals, and intoxication emanates through the inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase, resulting in an accumulation of acetylcholine at synaptic junction following subsequent activation of cholinergic receptors which leads to respiratory damage and eventual death. Avian exposure to these pesticides occurs through dermal contact, inhalation, and predominantly the ingestion of contaminated foods such as seeds or insects. A number of factors intensify the likelihood of exposure of birds to pesticides such as cultivation practices, pest types, crop types, pesticide form, diet, and habitat preferences. The sublethal effects of organophosphates and carbamates on birds are manifolds, including malformed embryos, smaller broods, decreased parental diligence, reduced territorial defence, anorexia and weight loss, subdued immune response, lethargic behaviour, greater susceptibility to predation, interference in thermoregulation, endocrine disruption, and inefficiency to orient in the proper direction for migration. Thus, pesticide intoxication reduces the chance of survival and successful reproduction that ultimately perturb to flourish a healthy bird population. The present review tries to encompass the up-to-date information on the succession of the anthropogenic use of pesticide and their consequences on selected bird populations, emphasizing organophosphates and carbamates in particular.
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Authors are willing to sincerely acknowledge Principal, Bankura Christian College, Director, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India. The authors apologize for the many colleagues who are not referenced in this work due to space limitations.
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Mitra, A., Chatterjee, S., Sarkar, M., Gupta, D.K. (2021). Toxic Effects of Pesticides on Avian Fauna. In: Gothandam, K.M., Ranjan, S., Dasgupta, N., Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Environmental Biotechnology Vol. 3. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, vol 50. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48973-1_3
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