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Incarceration and the HIV Epidemic

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HIV in US Communities of Color

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Abstract

In this chapter, we provide an overview of the overlapping epidemics of Incarceration and HIV and how they impact communities of color. First, we provide a brief overview of the epidemiology of incarceration itself – the epidemiology of HIV within the criminal justice (CJ) system – and review some of the interpersonal-, community-, and system-level factors that contribute to high rates of HIV among CJ-involved individuals. Second, we review HIV prevention in jails and prisons, including the evidence for behavioral and biomedical HIV prevention interventions. Third, we examine the HIV care cascade, extending from diagnosis to linkage to care, retention in care, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and virologic suppression in CJ-involved individuals, including key gaps in the cascade and differences in outcomes by race and ethnicity. Fourth, we examine the issue of re-entry, including the multiple barriers people living with HIV (PLWH) face after incarceration which impact continuity of HIV care and treatment. Lastly, we discuss the issue of stigma for CJ-involved PLWH, which may occur during and after incarceration, including the intersectional stigma and discrimination associated with being a racial or ethnic minority, sexual minority, and someone who has been incarcerated. Finally, we conclude with future directions, including national policies which aim to decrease overall incarceration in the USA and promising partnerships and interventions to address health disparities in this vulnerable population.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

    Ank Nijhawan

  2. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

    Nicholas Campalans

  3. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center/Parkland Health and Hospital Systems, Dallas, TX, USA

    Emily Hoff

Authors
  1. Ank Nijhawan
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  2. Nicholas Campalans
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  3. Emily Hoff
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Correspondence to Ank Nijhawan .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Global Health Equity, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Bisola O. Ojikutu

  2. Division of General Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Valerie E. Stone

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Nijhawan, A., Campalans, N., Hoff, E. (2021). Incarceration and the HIV Epidemic. In: Ojikutu, B., Stone, V. (eds) HIV in US Communities of Color. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48744-7_13

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48744-7_13

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