Abstract
The state remains the primary role player, which will determine cybersecurity policy and governance for the 4IR. The purpose of this chapter is to determine how states under international law should govern cybersecurity globally when faced with the disruptions that the 4IR will bring. The chapter uses the perceived future 4IR disruptions, prominent international law policy documents and the diversity of state practice to discern the prevailing normative order of state cybersecurity governance. The chapter identifies cyber justice as the desired foundational normative prescript to manage state cybersecurity governance and policy interventions. It further identifies two critical disruptions for state cybersecurity governance under a 4IR paradigm. These are the redundancy of customary legislative and regulatory intervention to legal and policy challenges and the threat to the notion of the state and state sovereignty through an evolved interpretation of cyber sovereignty as uncoupled from state territorial integrity. The research in the chapter is prescriptive. It provides a novel contribution for normative modelling of state cybersecurity governance under international law.
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Notes
- 1.
Bitcoin is one of the most famous digital currencies used online. It is also known as cryptocurrencies or e-currencies. It employs a decentralised banking method to record and maintain transactions. The solving of mathematical problems through computational solutions is how new units of the currency is produced.
- 2.
The employment of the term state cybersecurity governance is deliberate to distinguish it from instances of cyber security governance that involves natural persons. See (European Union 2016). The focus of this chapter is how the state governs its own security in anticipation of the disruptive technologies of the fourth industrial revolution.
- 3.
The main known examples of these tangible technologies are self-driving or autonomous vehicles, advanced robotics and 3D printing.
- 4.
The digital revolution will be driven by the interconnectivity of things via what has been described as the ‘internet of things’. The internet of things technology will connect the digital worlds with the physical realm.
- 5.
The advances in computing processing power have opened a door to the biological building blocks of humanity. Consequently, the 4IR allows for a world where human genes can be sequenced, activated and edited.
- 6.
Case Concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), ICJ Rep 2007, para. 406. See also Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. USA) ICJ Rep 1986, paras. 109 and 115.
- 7.
Island of Palmas Case (or Miangas), United States v Netherlands, Award (1928) II RIAA 829.
- 8.
The Lotus Case (France v. Turkey), PCIJ Reports, Series A, No. 10 1927, 18.
- 9.
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, 1996 ICJ Rep, 226.
- 10.
The UNGGE was established through the UN General Assembly resolution 68/243.
- 11.
These non-state actors, consists of terrorists, criminal groups as well as individuals operating independently.
- 12.
Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, Dec. 5, 1979, 1363 U.N.T.S. 3.
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This paper is part of activities, assistance and incentives provided at the University of Johannesburg to be at the vanguard of research involving the 4IR. The assistance and patience of Mallissa Lenong have also been invaluable.
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Lenong, J. (2020). State Cybersecurity Governance in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: An International Law Perspective. In: Doorsamy, W., Paul, B., Marwala, T. (eds) The Disruptive Fourth Industrial Revolution. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 674. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48230-5_4
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