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A Thermal-Field-Photoemission Model and Its Application

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Modern Developments in Vacuum Electron Sources

Part of the book series: Topics in Applied Physics ((TAP,volume 135))

Abstract

Traditionally electron sources are characterized as thermal, field, and photoemission cathodes (a fourth, secondary, is not considered here), each governed by a canonical emission equation (Richardson—Laue—Dushman, Fowler—Nordheim, and Fowler—DuBridge, respectively) for current density. Modern electron sources operate such that more than one regime contributes because factors like heating and asperities exist. In this chapter, a single emission equation is developed that recovers the canonical equations in the appropriate asymptotic limits. Properties important to the formation of electron beams, such as emittance, Nottingham heating, and emission from protrusions, are examined.

All things in common nature should produce/Without sweat or endeavor.

—W. Shakespeare (The Tempest, Act II, Scene 1, Lines 133–134.)

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Thermal emission often continues to be referred to as “thermionic emission,” reflecting a time when the emitted electrons due to heating (“thermions”) were thought to be different than those due to strong fields [37]. It is a convention that likely should expire, but which regrettably has not.

  2. 2.

    Although a fourth process, secondary emission, has received comparable interest and is used in vacuum electronic devices, the physical processes of transport and emission for it are similar to photoemission (the generation mechanism being energetic electrons rather than photons). Therefore, it is not treated separately, as the generation mechanisms are not under study here. See [38], or [39] for greater detail.

  3. 3.

    Remember that E is standing in for the normal energy component \(E_z\) when 1D equations are understood.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Code 6362, MSTD Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA

    Kevin L. Jensen

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Correspondence to Kevin L. Jensen .

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  1. Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Georg Gaertner

  2. FMB/IFQ, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany

    Wolfram Knapp

  3. Advanced Technology Institute and Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK

    Richard G. Forbes

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Jensen, K.L. (2020). A Thermal-Field-Photoemission Model and Its Application. In: Gaertner, G., Knapp, W., Forbes, R.G. (eds) Modern Developments in Vacuum Electron Sources. Topics in Applied Physics, vol 135. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47291-7_8

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