Skip to main content

The Anatomic Basis of Facial Surgical Complications

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Integrated Procedures in Facial Cosmetic Surgery
  • 3035 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter provides a review of key anatomical structures to minimize complications in facial surgery. A general review of the skin, muscles, osseous structures, nerves, blood vessels, facial fat pads, as well as other structures is provided. The purpose of this chapter is to correlate anatomical knowledge with surgical principles to help the practitioner manage and minimize the occurrence of complications in facial surgery.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Losquadro WD. Anatomy of the skin and the pathogenesis of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2017;25(3):283–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Moreno RA, Hebda PA, Zitelli JA, Abell E. Epidermal cell outgrowth from CO2 laser- and scalpel-cut explants: implications for wound healing. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1984;10(11):863–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Mckinney P. Follicular anatomy of the anterior temporal hairline and implications for rhytidectomy. In: Yearbook of plastic and aesthetic surgery. 2009. p. 100–101.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Chopra K, Calva D, Sosin M, Tadisina KK, Banda A, Cruz CDL, et al. A comprehensive examination of topographic thickness of skin in the human face. Aesthet Surg J. 2015;35(8):1007–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Langer K. On the anatomy and physiology of the skin. Br J Plast Surg. 1978;31(3):185–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Hansen JT, Netter FH, Machado CAG. Netters clinical anatomy. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Sowder JC, Thomas AJ, Ward PD. Essential anatomy and evaluation for functional rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2017;25(2):141–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Nigro CEN, Nigro JFDA, Mion O, Mello JF. Nasal valve: anatomy and physiology. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;75(2):305–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Mitz V, Peyronie M. The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) in the parotid and cheek area. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1976;58:80–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Khan HA, Bagheri S. Surgical anatomy of the superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS). Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin. 2014;22(1):9–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Devadas D, Pillay M, Sukumaran TT. A cadaveric study on variations in branching pattern of external carotid artery. Anat Cell Biol. 2018;51(4):225–31.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Seki S, Sumida K, Yamashita K, Baba O, Kitamura S. Gross anatomical classification of the courses of the human lingual artery. Surg Radiol Anat. 2016;39(2):195–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bell WH. Revascularization and bone healing after anterior maxillary osteotomy: a study using adult rhesus monkeys. J Oral Surg. 1969;27:249.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bell WH, Levy BM. Revascularization and bone healing after posterior maxillary osteotomy. J Oral Surg. 1971;27:313.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bell WH, Fonseca RJ, Kennedy JW III, Levy BM. Bone healing and revascularization after total maxillary osteotomy. Revascularization and bone healing after posterior maxillary osteotomy. J Oral Surg. 1975;33:253.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Waite PD, Cuzalina LA. Rytidectomy (face lift). In: Fonseca R, Baker S, Wolford LM, editors. Oral & maxillofacial surgery, vol. 6. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000. p. 366–7.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Joo W, Funaki T, Yoshioka F, Rhoton AL. Microsurgical anatomy of the infratemporal fossa. Clin Anat. 2013;26(4):455–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Law C, Alam P, Borumandi F. Floor-of-mouth hematoma following dental implant placement: literature review and case presentation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017;75(11):2340–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Scheuer JF, Sieber DA, Pezeshk RA, Gassman AA, Campbell CF, Rohrich RJ. Facial danger zones. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(5):1103–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ozturk CN, Ozturk C, Huettner F, Drake RL, Zins JE. A failsafe method to avoid injury to the great auricular nerve. Aesthet Surg J. 2014;34(1):16–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kochhar A, Larian B, Azizzadeh B. Facial nerve and parotid gland anatomy. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 2016;49(2):273–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Davis RA, Anson BJ, Budinger JM, Kurth LR. Surgical anatomy of the facial nerve and parotid gland based upon a study of 350 cervicofacial halves. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1956;102:385–413.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Al-Kayat A, Bramley P. A modified pre-auricular approach to the temporomandibular joint and malar arch. Br J Oral Surg. 1979;17(2):91–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Saha S, Pal S, Sengupta M, Chowdhury K, Saha VP, Mondal L. Identification of facial nerve during parotidectomy: a combined anatomical & surgical study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;66(1):63–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Dingman RO, Grabb WC. Surgical anatomy of the mandibular ramus of the facial nerve based on the dissection of 100 facial halves. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1962;29:266–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ziarah HA, Atkinson ME. The surgical anatomy of the mandibular distribution of the facial nerve. Br J Oral Surg. 1981;19:159–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Bathla G, Hegde A. The trigeminal nerve: an illustrated review of its imaging anatomy and pathology. Clin Radiol. 2013;68(2):203–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Haładaj R, Polguj M, Topol M. Anatomical variations of the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves: their intraorbital course and relation to the supraorbital margin. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:5201–10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Okumuş Ö, Dumlu A. Prevalence of bifid mandibular canal according to gender, type and side. J Dent Sci. 2019;14(2):126–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2019.03.009.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Chavez-Lomeli ME, Mansilla Lory J, Pompa JA, Kjaer I. The human mandibular canal arises from three separate canals innervating different tooth groups. J Dent Res. 1996;75:1540e4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Donofrio LM. Fat distribution: a morphologic study of the aging face. Dermatol Surg. 2000;26:1107–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Wan D, Amirlak B, Rohrich R, Davis K. The clinical importance of the fat compartments in midfacial aging. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2013;1(9):e92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kim S, Matic DB. The anatomy of temporal hollowing: the superficial temporal fat pad. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16(4):651–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Fundarò S, Mauro G, Di Blasio A, Di Blasio C, Schembri-Wismayer P. Anatomy and aging of cheek fat compartments. Med Dent Res. 2018;1(3):1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Chaukar D, Dandekar M. ‘Surgical resection of cancer of the buccal mucosa,’ in Fagan J. (ed). Open access atlas of otolarygngology, head and neck operative surgery. Cape Town: UCT Librariespp. 2016;(33):1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Hwang K, Choi J. Ligaments of the face. J Craniofac Surg. 2018;29(3):800–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Alghoul M, Codner MA. Retaining ligaments of the face. Aesthet Surg J. 2013;33(6):769–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Justin Kierce .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kierce, J., Cuddy, K. (2021). The Anatomic Basis of Facial Surgical Complications. In: Keyhan, S.O., Fattahi, T., Bagheri, S.C., Bohluli, B., Amirzade-Iranaq, M.H. (eds) Integrated Procedures in Facial Cosmetic Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46993-1_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46993-1_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-46992-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-46993-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics