Abstract
The anatomy of the orbit includes, the bony cavities that contain the globes, extraocular muscles, nerves, fat, and blood vessels. The orbital walls are perforated by several important apertures. The periorbita, also called the orbital periosteum or orbital fascia, covers the bones of the orbit. This dense connective tissue membrane serves as an attachment site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments and is a support structure for the blood supply to the orbital bones. The extraocular muscles are responsible for the movement of the eye and for synchronous movements of the eyelids. The eyelids form a soft-tissue protection to the globe and the anterior entrance to the orbit. The orbital septum separates the bony orbit from the eyelid and represents the anterior most orbital structure.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Deveci M, Oztürk S, Sengezer M, Pabuscu Y. Measurement of orbital volume by a 3-dimensional software program: an experimental study. J Oral Maxiofac Surg. 2000;58:645.
Nitek SN, Wysocki J, Reymond J, Piasecki K. Correlations between selected parameters of the human skull and orbit. Med Sci Monit. 2009;15:BR370.
Miller TA, Rudkin G, Honig M, et al. Lateral subcutaneous brow lift and interbrow muscle resection: clinical experience and anatomic studies. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105:1120.
Webster RC, Gaunt JM, Hamdan US, et al. Supraorbital and supratrochlear notches and foramina: anatomical variations and surgical relevance. Laryngoscope. 1986;96:311.
Bailey JH. Surgical anatomy of the lacrimal sac. Am J Ophthalmol. 1923;6:665.
McQueen CT, DiRuggiero DC, Campbell JP, Shockley WW. Orbital osteology: a study of the surgical landmarks. Laryngoscope. 1995;105:783.
Patnaik VVG, Bala S, Singla RK. Anatomy of the bony orbit— some applied aspects. J Anat Soc India. 2002;50:59.
Fukado Y. Results in 400 cases of surgical decompression of the optic nerve. Mod Probl Ophthalmol. 1975;14:474.
Watters EC, Waller PH, Hiles DA, Michaels RH. Acute orbital cellulitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1976;94:785.
Jones LT, Wobig JL. Surgery of the eyelids and lacrimal system. Birmingham: Aesculapius; 1976. p. 4.
Jo A, Rizen V, Nikolic V, Banovic B. The role of orbital wall morphological properties and their supporting structures in the etiology of “blow-out” fractures. Surg Radiol Anat. 1989;11:241.
Nagasao T, Hikosaka M, Morotomi T, et al. Analysis of the orbital floor morphology. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2007;35:112.
Dutron JJ. Atlas of clinical and surgical orbital anatomy. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 1994. p. 11.
Sharma PK, Malhotra VK, Tewari SP. Variation in the shape of the superior orbital fissure. Anat Anz. 1988;165:55.
Goalwin HA. One thousand optic canals. Clinical, anatomic and roentgenologic study. JAMA. 1922;89:1745.
Kier EL. Embryology of the normal optic canal and its anomalies. Investig Radiol. 1966;1:346.
Mikelberg FS, Drance SM, Schulzer M, et al. The normal human optic nerve. Axon count and axon diameter distribution. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:1325.
Hogan MJ, Alvarrado JA, Weddell JE. Histology of the human eye—an atlas and textbook. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1971.
Jonas JB, Mardin CY, Schlötzer-Schrechardt U, et al. Morphometry of the human lamina cribrosa surface. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991;32:401.
Mendelson BC, Jacobson SR. Surgical anatomy of the mid cheek: facial layers, spaces, and the mid cheek segments. Clin Plast Surg. 2008;35:385.
Daniel RK, Landon B. Endoscopic forehead lift: anatomic basis. Aesthet Surg J. 1997;17:97.
Knize DM. An anatomically based study of the mechanism of eyebrow ptosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;97:1321.
Couly G, Hureau J, Tessier P. The anatomy of the external palpebral ligament in man. J Maxillofac Surg. 1976;4:195–7.
Most SP, Mobley SR, Larrabee WF. Anatomy of the eyelids. Fac Plast Surg Clin NA. 2005;13:487.
Hreczko T, Farkas LG, Katic M. Clinical significance of age related changes of the palpebral fissures between 2 and 18 years in healthy Caucasians. Acta Chir Plast. 1990;32:194.
Knize DM. The forehead and temporal fossa: anatomy and technique. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001.
Yamamoto H, Morikawa K, Uchinuma E, Yamashina S. An anatomical study of the medial canthus using a threedimensional model. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2001;25:189.
Anderson RL, Harvey JT. Lid splitting and posterior lamellar cryosurgery for congenital and acquired distichiasis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99:631.
Rein RR, Said HK, Yu M, et al. Revisiting upper eyelid anatomy: introduction of the septal extension. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117:65.
Anderson RL, Dixon RS. The role of Whitnall’s ligament in ptosis surgery. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979;97:705.
Aguilar GL, Nelson C. Eyelid and anterior orbital anatomy. In: Hornblass A, editor. Oculoplastic, orbital, and reconstructive surgery. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1989. p. 7.
Meyer DR, Linberg JV, Wobig JL, McCormick SA. Anatomy of the orbital septum and associated eyelid connective tissue. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991;7:104.
Lemke BN, Stasior OG, Rosenberg PN. The surgical relations of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988;4:25.
Hwang K, Shin YH, Kim DJ. Conjoint fascial sheath of the levator and superior rectus attached to the conjunctival fornix. J Craniofac Surg. 2008;19:241.
Kakizaki H, Prabhakaran V, et al. Peripheral branching of levator superioris muscle and Müller muscle origin. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148:800.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shaarawy, T., Aref, A. (2020). Anatomy of the Orbit and Periorbital Region. In: Badawi, A. (eds) Periorbital Rejuvenation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46866-8_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46866-8_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-46865-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-46866-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)