Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of IQ and Adaptive Behavior on Assessment and Treatment in Dual Diagnosis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Dual Diagnosis

Part of the book series: Autism and Child Psychopathology Series ((ACPS))

  • 1188 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the impact dual disorders have on the interpretation of measures of intelligence and adaptive behavior in the assessment of intellectual disabilities (ID). The degree of diversity in etiology and associated medical, psychiatric, and social features in this population presents numerous diagnostic and intervention planning challenges for practitioners. An overview of contemporary theory and measures used to assess intellectual capacities and adaptive behavior in children, adolescents, and adults is offered. Diagnostic and clinical implications associated with selecting and interpreting these instruments for use with this population are also explored. Recommendations for practical considerations and adaptations are offered.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arshad, S., Winterhalder, R., Underwood, L., Kelesidi, K., Chaplin, E., Kravariti, E., … Tsakanikos, E. (2011). Epilepsy and intellectual disability: Does epilepsy increase the likelihood of com-morbid psychopathology? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32, 353–357.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakken, T. L., Helverschou, S. B., Eilertsen, D. E., Heggelund, T., Myrbakk, E., & Martinsen, H. (2010). Psychiatric disorders in adolescents and adults with autism and intellectual disability: A representative study in one county in Norway. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31, 1669–1677.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bamburg, J. W., Cherry, K. E., Matson, J. L., & Penn, D. (2001). Assessment of schizophrenia in persons with severe and profound mental retardation using the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped-II (DASH-II). Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 13(4), 319–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben Itzchack, E., Lahat, E., Burgin, R., & Zachor, A. D. (2008). Cognitive, behavior, and intervention outcome in young children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29, 447–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhaumik, S., Tyrer, F. C., McGrother, C., & Ganghadaran, S. K. (2008). Psychiatric service use and psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52, 986–995.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boucher, J., Bigham, S., Mayes, A., & Muskett, T. (2008). Recognition and language in low functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1259–1269.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bracken, B. A., & McCallum, R. S. (2016a). Universal nonverbal intelligence test (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bracken, B. A., & McCallum, R. S. (2016b). Examiner’s manual universal nonverbal intelligence test (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, E. A., & Isaacs, B. J. (2006). Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in teenagers with intellectual disabilities, with and without autism. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55, 598–606.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brereton, V., Tonge, B. J., & Einfeld, S. L. (2006). Psychopathology in children and adolescents with autism compared to young people with intellectual disability. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 863–870.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L. (2007). What is mean by intellectual and developmental disabilities? In I. Brown & M. Percy (Eds.), A comprehensive guide to intellectual and developmental disabilities (pp. 3–15). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L., Sherbenov, R. J., & Johnsen, S. K. (2010a). Test of nonverbal intelligence (4th ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L., Sherbenov, R. J., & Johnsen, S. K. (2010b). Examiner’s manual test of nonverbal intelligence (4th ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruininks, R. H., Woodcock, R. W., Weatherman, R. F., & Hill, B. K. (1996). Comprehensive manual scales of independent behavior-revised. Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, M. H. (2012). Equivalence of Q-interactive administered cognitive tasks: WISC-IV (Q-interactive Technical Report 2). Bloomington, MN: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dekker, M. C., & Koot, H. M. (2003). DSM-IV disorders in children with borderline to moderate intellectual disability. I: Prevalence and impact. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 915–922.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, C. D. (2007a). Differential ability scales (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, C. D. (2007b). Introductory and technical handbook differential ability scales (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan, D. P., Fiorello, C. A., & Ortiz, S. O. (2010). Enhancing practice through application of Cattell-Carroll theory and research: A “third method” approach to specific learning disability identification. Psychology in the Schools, 47, 739–760.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan, D. P., & Harrison, P. L. (2005). Contemporary intellectual assessment (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan, D. P., Ortiz, S. O., & Alfonso, V. C. (2013). Essentials of cross-battery assessment (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, L. J., Brady, N. C., Warren, S. F., & Fleming, K. K. (2015). Do children with Fragile X syndrome show declines or plateaus in adaptive behavior? American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 120, 412–432.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hammill, D. D., Pearson, N. A., & Wiederholt, J. L. (2009a). Comprehensive test of nonverbal intelligence (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammill, D. D., Pearson, N. A., & Wiederholt, J. L. (2009b). Examiner’s manual comprehensive test of nonverbal intelligence (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, P. L., & Oakland, T. O. (2015). Manual adaptive behavior assessment system (3rd ed.). Torrance, CA: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hessl, D., Sansone, S. M., Berry-Kravis, E., Riley, K., Widaman, K. F., Abbeduto, L., … Gershon, R. C. (2016). The NIH toolbox cognitive battery for intellectual disabilities: Three preliminary studies and future directions. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 8(35), 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, E., & Fuchs, D. (1987). Using adaptive behavior in assessment and intervention: An overview. The Journal of Special Education, 21, 11–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, C. P., Walker, W. O., Palomo-Gonzalez, S. A., & Curry, C. J. (2006). Mental retardation: Diagnosis, management, and family support. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 36, 126–165.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (2004a). Kaufman assessment battery for children (2nd ed.). Bloomington, MN: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (2004b). Manual Kaufman assessment battery for children (2nd ed.). Bloomington, MN: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keith, T. Z., & Reynolds, M. R. (2010). Cattell–Horn–Carroll abilities and cognitive tests: What we’ve learned from 20 years of research. Psychology in the Schools, 47, 635–650.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolaitis, G. (2008). Young people with intellectual disabilities and mental health needs. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 21, 469–473.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kozlowski, A. M., Matson, J. L., Sipes, M., Hattier, M. A., & Bamburg, J. W. (2011). The relationship between psychopathology symptom clusters and the presence of comorbid psychopathology in individuals with severe to profound intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32, 1610–1614.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • La Malfa, G., Lassi, S., Bertelli, M., Pallanti, S., & Albertini, G. (2008). Detecting attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults with intellectual disability. The use of Connors’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29, 158–164.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, N., Nihira, K., & Leland, H. (1993). Examiner’s manual adaptive behavior scale-school (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, L. C., Harrington, R. A., Chang, J. J., & Conners, S. L. (2008). Increased risk of injury in children with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29, 247–255.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LoVullo, S. V., & Matson, J. L. (2009). Comorbid psychopathology in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders and intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 1288–1296.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luckasson, R., & Schalock, R. L. (2013). Defining and applying a functionality approach to intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 57, 657–668.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luckasson, R., & Schalock, R. L. (2015). Standards to guide the use of clinical judgment in the field of intellectual disability. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 53, 240–251. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-53.3.240

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mather, N., & Wendling, B. J. (2014). Examiner’s manual Woodcock-Johnson IV tests of cognitive abilities. Rolling Meadows, IL: Riverside.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J., & Scior, K. (2004). “Diagnostic overshadowing” amongst clinicians working with people with intellectual disabilities in the UK. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17, 85–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., Bamburg, J. W., & Mayville, E. A. (1999). Seizure disorder in people with intellectual disability: An analysis of difference in social functioning, adaptive functioning and maladaptive behaviors. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43, 531–539.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., & Boisjoli, J. A. (2009). An overview of developments in research on persons with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 587–591.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., Dempsey, T., & Fodstad, J. C. (2009). The effect of autism spectrum disorders on adaptive independent living skills in adults with severe intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 603–611.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., Hamilton, M., Duncan, D., Bamburg, J., Smiroldo, B., Anderson, S., et al. (1997). Characteristics of stereotypic movement disorder and self-injurious behavior assessed with the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped (DASH-II). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 18, 457–469.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., Mayville, E. A., Lott, J. D., Bielecki, J., & Logan, R. (2003). A comparison of social and adaptive functioning in person with psychosis, autism, and severe or profound mental retardation. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 15, 57–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., & Rivet, T. T. (2008). Characteristics of challenging behaviors in adults with autistic disorder, PDD-NOS, and intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 33, 323–329.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., Rivet, T. T., Fodstad, J. C., Dempsey, T., & Boisjoli, J. A. (2009). Examination of adaptive behavior differences in adults with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 1317–1325.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., & Shoemaker, M. (2009). Intellectual disability and its relationship to autism spectrum disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 1107–1114.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., & Williams, L. W. (2014). The making of a field: The development of comorbid psychopathology research for persons with intellectual disabilities and autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35, 234–238.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, J. (2007). Children with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20, 472–476.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGrew, K. S. (2005). The Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of cognitive abilities. In D. P. Flanagan & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment (2nd ed., pp. 136–181). New York, NY: Guildford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGrew, K. S., & Wendling, B. J. (2010). Cattell-Horn-Carroll cognitive-achievement relations: What we have learned from the past 20 years of research. Psychology in the Schools, 47, 651–675.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minjarez, M., Phillips, J. M., Feinstein, C., & Hardan, A. Y. (2011). Psychiatric disorders in individuals with intellectual disabilities. In H. Steiner (Ed.), Handbook of developmental psychiatry (pp. 491–522). Singapore: World Scientific.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, C. L., Baxter, H., & Kerr, M. P. (2003). Prevalence of epilepsy and associated health service utilization and mortality among patients with intellectual disability. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 108, 293–300.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munson, J., Dawson, G., Sterling, L., Beauchaine, T., Zhou, A., & Koehler, E. (2008). Evidence for latent classes of IQ in young children with autism spectrum disorder. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 113, 439–452.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Health. (2012). NIH toolbox administration manual. Blueprint for neuroscience research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, J. H., & McGrew, K. S. (2010). Introduction to the special issue: Current research in Cattell-Horn-Carroll-based assessment. Psychology in the Schools, 47, 621–634.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niileksela, C. R., & Reynolds, M. R. (2014). Global, broad, or specific cognitive differences? Using MIMIC Model to examine differences in CHC abilities in children with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 47, 224–236.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, G., & Pearson, J. (2004). Autism and learning disability. Autism, 8, 125–140.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor, B. (2012). Relationships between Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) cognitive abilities and math achievement within a sample of college students with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 45, 278–287.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raiford, S. E., Dorzidick, L., & Zhang, O. (2015). Q-interactive special group studies: The WISC-V and children with autism spectrum disorder and accompanying language impairment or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Q-interactive Technical Report 11). Bloomington, MN: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roid, G. H. (2003a). Stanford-Binet intelligence scales (5th ed.). Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roid, G. H. (2003b). Examiner’s manual Stanford-Binet intelligence scales (5th ed.). Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roid, G. H. (2003c). Technical manual Stanford-Binet intelligence scales (5th ed.). Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roid, G. H., Miller, L. J., Pomplun, M., & Koch, C. (2013a). Leiter international performance scale-third edition. Wood Dale, IL: Stoelting Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roid, G. H., Miller, L. J., Pomplun, M., & Koch, C. (2013b). Manual Leiter international performance scale-third edition. Wood Dale, IL: Stoelting Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sattler, J. M. (2007). Assessment of children: Cognitive foundations (5th ed.). San Diego, CA: Jerome M. Sattler Publisher, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schalock, R. L., Borthwick-Duffy, S. A., Bradley, V. J., Buntinx, W. H. E., Coulter, D. L., Craig, E. M., … Yeager, M. H. (2010). Intellectual disability: Definition, classification and systems of supports (11th ed.). Washington DC: American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schalock, R. L., & Luckasson, R. (2015). A systematic approach to subgroup classification in intellectual disability. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 53, 358–366.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R., & Shogren, K. A. (2007). The renaming of mental retardation: Understanding the change to the term intellectual disability. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 45, 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556(2007)45[116:TROMRU]2.0.CO;2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, W. J., & McGrew, K. S. (2012). The Cattell-Horn-Carroll model of intelligence. In D. P. Flanagan & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues (3rd ed., pp. 99–144). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrank, F. A., McGrew, K. S., & Mather, N. (2014). Woodcock-Johnson IV tests of cognitive abilities. Rolling Meadows, IL: Riverside.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K. R., & Matson, J. L. (2010). Psychopathology: Differences among adults with intellectually disabled, comorbid autism spectrum disorders and epilepsy. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31, 743–749.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D. V., & Saulnier, C. A. (2016). Manual Vineland adaptive behavioral scales (3rd ed.). Bloomington, MN: PsychCorp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tassé, M. J., Luckasson, R., & Schalock, R. L. (2016). The relation between intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior in the diagnosis of intellectual disability. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 54, 381–390.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tassé, M. J., Schalock, R. L., Balboni, G., Bersani, H. A., Jr., Borthwick-Duffy, S. A., Spreat, S., … Zhang, D. (2012). The construct of adaptive behavior: Its conceptualization, measurement, and use in the field of intellectual disability. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 117, 291–303.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay, K. N., Richer, L., Lachance, L., & Cote, A. (2010). Psychopathological manifestations of children with intellectual disabilities according to their cognitive and adaptive behavior profile. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31, 57–69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tureck, K., Matson, J. L., Cervantes, P., & Konst, M. J. (2014). An examination of the relationship between autism spectrum disorder, intellectual functioning, and comorbid symptoms in children. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35, 1766–1772.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turygin, N. C., Matson, J. L., & Adams, H. L. (2014). Prevalence of co-occurring disorders in a sample of adults with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities who reside in a residential treatment setting. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35, 1802–1808.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turygin, N. C., Matson, J. L., Adams, H. L., & Williams, L. W. (2014). Co-occurring disorder clusters in adults with mild and moderate intellectual disability in residential treatment settings. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35, 3156–3161.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, W., & Johnson, C. (2006). Mental retardation: Overview and diagnosis. Pediatrics Review, 27, 204–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (2014). Wechsler intelligence scale for children (5th ed.). Bloomington, MN: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D., Raiford, S. E., & Holdnack, J. A. (2014). Technical and interpretive manual Wechsler intelligence scale for children (5th ed.). Bloomington, MN: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, S., & Stawski, M. (2012). Mental health: Knowledge, attitudes and training of professionals on dual diagnosis of intellectual disability and psychiatric disorder. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56, 291–304.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins, J., & Matson, J. L. (2009). A comparison of social skills profiles in intellectually disabled adults with and without ASD. Behavior Modification, 33, 143–155.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2018). The international classification of diseases (11th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: Author. Retrieved on November 21, 2018 from https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f605267007

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Educational and School Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, USA

    Jenna M. Hennessey & Mark R. McGowan

Authors
  1. Jenna M. Hennessey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mark R. McGowan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jenna M. Hennessey .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA

    Johnny L. Matson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hennessey, J.M., McGowan, M.R. (2020). Effects of IQ and Adaptive Behavior on Assessment and Treatment in Dual Diagnosis. In: Matson, J. (eds) Handbook of Dual Diagnosis. Autism and Child Psychopathology Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46835-4_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation