Abstract
This chapter examines the field of standardization in Israel from the perspective of the collaborative governance approach, in light of the specific characteristics of this field, which effectively constitutes an instance of this model. This chapter discusses the public criticism focusing on the collaborative governance dimensions of the standardization process—criticism that formed part of the motivation for the changes that have occurred in the field in Israel in recent years, including the reduction of aspects of collaborative governance. This reduction occurred in spite of well-known advantages linked to the collaborative process. The standardization processes and its changes are discussed in reference to standardization processes in other countries, international standardization processes, and aspects of collaborative governance these embody while raising debates as of democratic legitimacy. The discussion offers insights into the significance and ramification of these changes, including a general perspective on the implementation of collaborative governance in Israel.
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Notes
- 1.
See, for example, Russell 2005, pp. 247–260; Borraz 2007, pp. 57–84; Orviska et al. 2013, pp. 36–59; Büthe and Mattli 2011; Rudder et al. 2016. The latter source includes standardization as part of “private governance”—the use of various bodies from the field of private law to determine various governance arrangements. In our opinion, this does not contradict the assertion that standardization maintains the collaborative governance model—the authors identify private bodies in the US as an integral part of governance in various fields and advocate the expansion of the democratic aspects of their operations. It seems that this draws their model close to that of collaborative governance.
- 2.
Amendments 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, and 13 to the Standards Law, 5713-1953 (hereinafter “the Standards Law”), enacted between 2000 and 2018 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/Law01/232_001.htm; Government Presentation to the Knesset Committee during the deliberations on Amendment 12 to the Standards Law: http://main.knesset.gov.il/Activity/committees/Economics/Pages/CommitteeMaterial.aspx?ItemID=2008682
- 3.
- 4.
Russell 2005, p. 2, footnote 2 and the reference to Ken Alder.
- 5.
SB 5713 No. 116, 29 Jan. 1953, p. 30; Proposed Law 5712 No. 103, p. 110.
- 6.
Explanatory comments to the proposed law; Knesset Protocols, Session 60, 26 Feb. 1952, Session 171, 2 Jan. 1953, pp. 495, 499.
- 7.
Standards Rules (Formulation of Israeli Standards), 5751-1991.
- 8.
ANSI Essential Requirements: Due Process Requirements for American National Standards, The American National Standards Institute, January 2016: https://share.ansi.org/shared%20documents/Standards%20Activities/American%20National%20Standards/Procedures,%20Guides,%20and%20Forms/2016_ANSI_Essential_Requirements.pdf (section 1.2) (accessed March 9, 2018).
- 9.
See “Standards in Regulations” on the website of ANSI: http://www.nist.gov/standardsgov/standards-in-regulations.cfm; US-EU High-Level Regulatory Cooperation Forum, Report on the Use of Voluntary Standards in Support of Regulation in the United States, October 2009: http://gsi.nist.gov/global/docs/Voluntary_Standards_USRegs.pdf
- 10.
For a similar approach, see Axelrod 1981.
- 11.
For an analysis of economic inefficiencies and other distortions in international standardization proceedings, see Abbott and Snidal 2001.
- 12.
Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on European Standardisation, Amending Council Directives 89/686/EEC and 93/15/EEC and Directives 94/9/EC, 94/25/EC, 95/16/EC, 97/23/EC, 98/34/EC, 2004/22/EC, 2007/23/EC, 2009/23/EC and 2009/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Repealing Council Decision 87/95/EEC and Decision No 1673/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Official Journal of the European Union L 316/12 (14.11.12). See the EU legislation website: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32012R1025
- 13.
Government Presentation to the Knesset Committee during the deliberations on Amendment 12 to the Standards Law: http://main.knesset.gov.il/Activity/committees/Economics/Pages/CommitteeMaterial.aspx?ItemID=2008682
- 14.
By way of example, see HCJ 7428/01 Association of Chambers of Commerce v Minister of Industry and Trade.
- 15.
See also the media reports of the State Comptroller and the position of government and public players, including the Minister of Economy and the Chairperson of the Knesset Reforms Committee: https://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1001219707; https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/521989; https://www.themarker.com/smb/1.2079684; https://www.themarker.com/news/macro/1.4552092
- 16.
- 17.
Section 7(B)(1) of the Standards Law.
- 18.
- 19.
See the report of the Knesset Research and Information Center on access to public transportation: https://www.knesset.gov.il/mmm/data/pdf/m04036.pdf
- 20.
- 21.
- 22.
Ms. Ziva Patir, former director-general of the SII, served in senior positions in the ISO—deputy president and chair of the technical executive; she also served as a board member in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). These positions helped to enhance the senior status of the SII and of Israeli industry. https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A8
- 23.
Netafim, http://www.icid.org/res_irri_.isie.html; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drip_irrigation; Ceramic Protective Canvases, http://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1001200162
Regarding the importance of involvement in international standardization for technological entrepreneurs, see the comments by Avi Licht, former Deputy Attorney General, at the Calcalist conference in June 2018: https://www.calcalist.co.il/conference/articles/0,7340,L-3740167,00.html
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Harel-Fisher, E. (2021). Reducing Aspects of Collaborative Governance in Standardization Processes in Israel. In: Sher-Hadar, N., Lahat, L., Galnoor, I. (eds) Collaborative Governance. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45807-2_9
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