Abstract
Applications of behavior science to cultural and community phenomena often involve large-scale change aimed to address issues of social importance. Behavior scientists working in these areas face challenges that go beyond the currently adopted professional compliance code for practicing behavior analysts, the Code of Ethics adopted by the Association for Behavior Analysis International, and the other professional ethical codes many behavior scientists are guided by (e.g., American Psychological Association, the National Association of School Psychologists, etc.). One example of these challenges pertains to simply identifying the problem that needs to be addressed. This process requires collaboration with multiple stakeholders who may have differing values and concerns. A second example is evident in the process of identifying, selecting, and implementing interventions. This requires a sophisticated, culturally flexible repertoire and unique engagement skills that ensure that the perspectives, morals, and values of all members of the target community are considered and embraced in the recommended practices resulting from extensive collaboration. This chapter explores the aspirational values and key repertoires necessary for navigating the nuances confronting behavior scientists working in cultural and community settings to address significant social issues.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Reprinted as Chap. 2 of this volume.
- 2.
See ethics content in Chap. 17 for a somewhat different perspective.
- 3.
It should be noted that the authors of this chapter do not support the term compliance as it suggests that ethics is a practice of following a set of rules; however, the term is used here to describe the practices currently adopted by the profession though not necessarily reflective of the science.
- 4.
See also Chap. 17 in this volume.
References
Amadei, B., Sandekian, R., & Thomas, E. (2009). A model for sustainable humanitarian engineering projects. Sustainability, 1, 1087–1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1041087
Aspiration. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aspiration
Azrin, N. H., & Powell, J. (1968). Behavioral engineering: The reduction of smoking behavior by a conditioning apparatus and procedure. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1(3), 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1968.1-193
Baer, D. M. (1992). The reform of education is at least a four-legged program. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 25(1), 77–79. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1992.25-77
Baer, D. M., Wolf, M. M., & Risley, T. R. (1968). Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1(1), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1968.1-91
Bailey, J. S. (1991). Marketing behavior analysis requires different talk. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24(3), 445–448. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1991.24-445
Bailey, J. S., & Burch, M. R. (2016). Ethics for behavior analysts (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Bannerman, D. J., Sheldon, J. B., Sherman, J. A., & Harchik, A. E. (1990). Balancing the right to habilitation with the right to personal liberties: The rights of people with developmental disabilities to eat too many doughnuts and take a nap. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23(1), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1990.23-79
Baum, W. M. (2005). Understanding behaviorism: Behavior, culture, and evolution (2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB). (2014). Professional and ethical compliance code for behavior analysts. Littleton, CO: Author.
Biglan, A. (1995). Changing cultural practices: A contextualist framework for intervention research. Reno, NV: Context Press.
Biglan, A., & Hayes, S. C. (1996). Should the behavioral sciences become more pragmatic? The case for functional contextualism in research on human behavior. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 5, 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0962-1849(96)80026-6
Biglan, A., & Hinds, E. (2009). Evolving prosocial and sustainable neighborhoods and communities. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 169–196. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153526
Bonow, J. T., & Follette, W. C. (2009). Beyond values clarification: Addressing client values in clinical behavior analysis. The Behavior Analyst, 32(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03392176
Borba, A., Tourinho, E. Z., & Glenn, S. S. (2014). Establishing the macrobehavior of ethical self-control in an arrangement of macrocontingencies in two microcultures. Behavior and Social Issues, 23, 68–86. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v23i0.5354
Borba, A., Tourinho, E. Z., & Glenn, S. S. (2017). Effects of cultural consequences on the interlocking behavioral contingencies of ethical self-control. Psychological Record, 67(3), 399–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-017-0231-6
Brodhead, M. T., & Higbee, T. S. (2012). Teaching and maintaining ethical behavior in a professional organization. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 5(2), 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03391827
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bronstein, L. R. (2003). A model for interdisciplinary collaboration. Social Work, 48(3), 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/48.3.297
Center for Economic and Social Justice (CESJ). (2016). Defining economic justice and social justice. Retrieved from http://www.cesj.org/learn/definitions/defining-economic-justice-and-social-justice/
Chance, P. (2007). The ultimate challenge: Prove B. F. Skinner wrong. The Behavior Analyst, 30(2), 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03392152
Collaborate. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/collaboration#other-words
Critchfield, T. S., Doepke, K. J., Epting, L. K., Becirevic, A., Reed, D. D., Fienup, D. M., … Ecott, C. L. (2017). Normative emotional responses to behavior analysis jargon or how not to use words to win friends and influence people. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 10(2), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-016-0161-9
de Fernandes, R. C., & Dittrich, A. (2018). Expanding the behavior-analytic meanings of “freedom”: The contributions of Israel Goldiamond. Behavior and Social Issues, 27, 4–19. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v27i0.8248
Dixon, M. R., Belisle, J., Rehfeldt, R. A., & Root, W. B. (2018). Why we are still not acting to save the world: The upward challenge of a post-Skinnerian behavior science. Perspectives on Behavior Science, 41(1), 241–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-018-0162-9
Ellis, J., & Magee, S. (2007). Contingencies, macrocontingencies, and metacontingencies in current educational practices: No child left behind? Behavior and Social Issues, 16, 5–26. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v16il.361
Ethics. (n.d.) In Lexico powered by Oxford. Retrieved from https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/ethics
Fava, V. M. D., & Vasconcelos, L. A. (2017). Behavior of programa bolsa familia beneficiaries: A behavior analytic perspective on fulfillment of education and health conditionalities. Behavior and Social Issues, 26, 156–171. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v.26i0.7825
Fawcett, S. B. (1991). Some values guiding community research and action. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24(4), 621–636. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1991.24-621
Fawcett, S. B., Mathews, R. M., & Fletcher, R. K. (1980). Some promising dimensions for behavioral community technology. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13(3), 505–518. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1980.13-505
Fawcett, S. B., Schultz, J., Collie-Akers, V., Holt, C., & Watson-Thompson, J. (2016). Community development for population health and health equity. In P. Erwin & R. Brownson (Eds.), Scutchfield and Keck’s principles of public health practice (4th ed., pp. 443–460). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Fawcett, S. B., Seekins, T., Whang, P. L., Muiu, C., & Balcazar, Y. S. (1984). Creating and using social technologies for community empowerment. Prevention in Human Services, 3(2–3), 145–171. https://doi.org/10.1300/J293v03n02_08
Fong, E. H., Catagnus, R. M., Brodhead, M. T., Quigley, S., & Field, S. (2016). Developing the cultural awareness skills of behavior analysts. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 9(1), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-016-0111-6
Foxx, R. M. (1996). Translating the covenant: The behavior analyst as ambassador and translator. Behavior Analyst, 19, 147–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03393162
Fryling, M. J. (2013). Theory, philosophy, and the practice of applied behavior analysis. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 14(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/15021149.2013.11434444
Fuller, P. R. (1949). Operant conditioning of a vegetative organism. American Journal of Psychology, 62, 587–590. https://doi.org/10.2307/1418565
Glenn, S. S. (1986). Metacontingencies in Walden Two. Behavior Analysis and Social Action, 5(1&2), 2–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03406059
Glenn, S. S., Malott, M. E., Andery, M. A. P. A., Benvenuti, M., Houmanfar, R. A., Sandaker, I., … Vasconcelos, L. A. (2016). Toward consistent terminology in a behaviorist approach to cultural analysis. Behavior and Social Issues, 25, 11–27. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v25i0.6634
Goffman, E. (1961). On the characteristics of total institutions. In E. Goffman (Ed.), Asylums: Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates (pp. 1–124). Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
Goldiamond, I. (1974/2002). Toward a constructional approach to social problems: Ethical and constitutional issues raised by applied behavior analysis. Behavior, 2, 1–84. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v11i2.92
Goldiamond, I. (1975). Alternative sets as a framework for behavioral formulations and research. Behaviorism, 3, 49–86.
Goldiamond, I. (1976a). Coping and adaptive behaviors of the disabled. In G. E. Albrecht (Ed.), The sociology of physical disability and rehabilitation (pp. 97–138). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh.
Goldiamond, I. (1976b). Protection of human subjects and patients: A social contingency analysis of distinctions between research and practice, and its implications. Behavior, 4, 1–41.
Goldiamond, I. (1984). Training parent trainers and ethicists in nonlinear analysis of behavior. In R. F. Dangel & R. A. Polster (Eds.), Parent training: Foundations of research and practice (pp. 504–546). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Gruber, H. E. (1997). Creative altruism, cooperation, and world peace. In M. A. Runco & R. Richards (Eds.), Eminent creativity, everyday creativity, and health (pp. 463–480). Greenwich, CT: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Gutierréz, G. (1973). A theology of liberation. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books.
Harris, M. (1979). Cultural materialism: The struggle for a science of culture. New York, NY: Random House.
Hayes, L. J., Hayes, G. J., Moore, S. C., & Ghezzi, P. M. (Eds.). (1994). Ethical issues in developmental disabilities. Reno, NV: Context Press.
Henneman, E. A., Lee, J. L., & Cohen, J. I. (1995). Collaboration: A concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21(1), 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1995.21010103.x
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0999152x
Holloway. (2015, January 27). Homeless Garden Project: Cultivating community through urban farming. Retrieved from https://www.resilience.org/stories/2015-01-27/homeless-garden-project-cultivating-community-through-urban-farming/
Isaacs, W., Thomas, J., & Goldiamond, I. (1960). Application of operant conditioning to reinstate verbal behavior in psychotics. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 25, 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-010054-8.50021-6
Kazdin, A. E. (1977). Assessing the clinical or applied importance of behavior change through social validation. Behavior Modification, 1(4), 427–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/014544557714001
Kelly, A. (2009, March 26). Money wasted on water projects in Africa [blog post]. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/society/katineblog/2009/mar/26/water-projects-wasted-money
Kidder, R. M. (1995). How good people make tough choices. New York, NY: Morrow.
King, M. L., Jr. (Ed.). (1963). Strength to love. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Kohr, M. A., Parrish, J. M., Neef, N. A., Driessen, J. R., & Hallinan, P. C. (1988). Communication skills training for parents: Experimental and social validation. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 21(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1988.21-21
Krapfl, J. E., & Vargas, E. A. (Eds.). (1977). Behaviorism and ethics. Kalamazoo, MI: Behaviordelia.
Leaf, R. B., & McEachin, J. (1999). A work in progress: Behavior management strategies and a curriculum for intensive behavioral treatment of autism. New York, NY: DRL Books.
Leigland, S. (2011). Beyond Freedom and Dignity at 40: Comments on behavioral science, the future, and Chance (2007). The Behavior Analyst, 34(2), 283–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03392258
Levin, K., Cashore, B., Bernstein, S., & Auld, G. (2012). Overcoming the tragedy of super wicked problems: Constraining our future selves to ameliorate global climate change. Policy Sciences, 45(2), 123–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-012-9151-0
Lindsley, O. R. (1956). Operant conditioning methods applied to research in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatric Research Reports, 5, 118–139.
Lindsley, O. R. (1960). Characteristics of the behavior of chronic psychotics as revealed by free-operant conditioning methods. Diseases of the Nervous System (Monograph Supplement), 21, 66–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-39876-0_22
Lindsley, O. R. (1991). From technical jargon to plain English for application. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24(3), 449–458. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1991.24-449
Luke, M., & Alavosius, M. (2012). Impacting community sustainability through behavior change: A research framework. Behavior and Social Issues, 21, 54–79. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v21i0.3938
Malagodi, E. F. (1986). On radicalizing behaviorism: A call for cultural analysis. The Behavior Analyst, 9, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03391925
Malott, R. W. (2002). Notes from a radical behaviorist: Is it morally defensible to use the developmentally disabled as guinea pigs? Behavior and Social Issues, 11, 105–106. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v11i2.90
Malott, R. W., & Trojan Suarez, E. A. (2003). Moral and legal control. Retrieved from http://old.dickmalott.com/booksarticles/pbe5/chapter26.pdf
Martinez-Diaz, J. A., Freeman, T. R., Normand, M., & Heron, T. E. (2007). Ethical considerations for applied behavior analysts. In J. O. Cooper, T. E. Heron, & W. L. Heward (Eds.), Applied behavior analysis (pp. 658–678). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall.
Mattaini, M. A. (2013). Strategic nonviolent power: The science of satyagraha (global peace studies). Edmonton, Canada: AU Press.
Mattaini, M. A. (2019). Out of the lab: Shaping an ecological and constructional cultural systems science. Perspectives on Behavior Science (special section on Cultural and Behavioral Systems Science). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-019-00208-z.
Mattaini, M. A., & Aspholm, R. (2016). Contributions of behavioral systems science to leadership for a new progressive movement. The Behavior Analyst, 39(1), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-015-0043-4
Mattaini, M. A., & Luke, M. (2014). Editorial: “Saving the World” with a matrix. Behavior and Social Issues, 23, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v23i0.5860
McElreath, R., Lubell, M., Richerson, P. J., Waring, T. M., Baum, W., Edsten, E., … Paciotti, B. (2005). Applying evolutionary models to the laboratory study of social learning. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 483–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.04.003
Melo, C. M., Castro, M. S. L. B., & de Rose, J. C. C. (2015). Some relations between culture, ethics, and technology in B. F. Skinner. Behavior and Social Issues, 24, 39–55. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v24i0.4796
Miller, K. L., Cruz, A. R., & Ala’i-Rosales, S. (2019). Inherent tensions and possibilities: Behavior analysis and cultural responsiveness. Behavior and Social Issues, 28, 16–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-019-00010-1
Miron, N. B. (1968). Issues and implications of operant conditioning: The primary ethical consideration. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 19, 226–228.
Moore, J. (2003). Behavior analysis, mentalism, and the path to social justice. The Behavior Analyst, 26, 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03392075
Moore, J. (2008). Conceptual foundations of radical behaviorism. New York, NY: Sloan Publishing, LLC.
Morris, E. K. (1988). Contextualism: The world view of behavior analysis. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 46, 289–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0965(88)90063-x
Moser, D. J., Arndt, S., Kanz, J. E., Benjamin, M. L., Bayless, J. D., Reese, R. L., … Flaum, M. A. (2004). Coercion and informed consent in research involving prisoners. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 45(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2003.09.009
Newman, B. (1992). Can/should we teach morality? In The reluctant alliance: Behaviorism and humanism (pp. 55–70). Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.
Newman, B., Reinecke, D. R., & Kurtz, A. L. (1996). Why be moral: Humanist and behavioral perspectives. The Behavior Analyst, 19(2), 273–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03393169
Opulente, M., & Mattaini, M. A. (1993). Toward welfare that works. Behavior and Social Issues, 3(1–2), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v3i1.197
Pepper, S. C. (1942). World hypotheses: A study in evidence. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Rawls, J. (2001). Justice as fairness: A restatement. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Rittel, H. W., & Webber, M. M. (1973). Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences, 4(2), 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01405730
Rosenberg, N. E., & Schwartz, I. S. (2018). Guidance or compliance: What makes an ethical behavior analyst. Behavior Analysis & Practice., 12(2), 473–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-018-00287-5
Rylko-Bauer, B., & Farmer, P. (2016). Structural violence, poverty, and social suffering. In D. Brady & L. M. Burton (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the social science of poverty (pp. 47–74). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Schwartz, I. S., & Baer, D. M. (1991). Social validity assessments: Is current practice state of the art? Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24(2), 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1991.24-189
Scott, A. (2018, December 13). To help the homeless, some in LA are giving them a place to stay. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2018/12/13/675369057/to-help-the-homeless-some-in-la-are-opening-their-doors-and-inviting-them-to-sta
Sidman, M. (2001). Coercion and its fallout (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Authors Cooperative.
Singer, P. (1985). Ethics. In Encyclopedia Britannica (pp. 627–648). Retrieved from https://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/1985%2D%2D%2D%2D.htm
Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. New York, NY: Appleton-Century Company.
Skinner, B. F. (1948). Walden Two. New York, NY: Macmillan.
Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York, NY: Macmillan.
Skinner, B. F. (1971). Beyond freedom and dignity. New York, NY: Knopf.
Skinner, B. F. (1975). The ethics of helping people. Criminal Law Bulletin, 11, 623–636.
Skinner, B. F. (1987). Why we are not acting to save the world. In B. F. Skinner (Ed.), Upon further reflection (pp. 1–14). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Taylor, B. A., LeBlanc, L. A., & Nosik, M. R. (2018). Compassionate care in behavior analytic treatment: Can outcomes be enhanced by attending to relationships with caregivers? Behavior Analysis in Practice, 12(3), 654–666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-018-00289-3
Tervalon, M., & Murray-Garcia, J. (1998). Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 9(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0233
Tiemann, P. W., & Markle, S. M. (1978). Analyzing instructional content: A guide to instruction and evaluation. Champaign, IL: Stipes Publishing.
Todorov, J. C. (2005). Laws and the complex control of behavior. Behavior and Social Issues, 14(2), 86–91. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v14i2.360
Todorov, J. C. (2009). Behavioral analysis of non-experimental data associated with cultural practices. Behavior and Social Issues, 1, 10–14. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v18i1.2756
Ulman, J. (1983). Toward a united front: A class analysis of social and political action. Behaviorists for Social Action Journal, 4(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03406169
United Nations. (1948). United Nations declaration of human rights. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf
Viola, J., Olson, B. D., Fromm Reed, S., Jimenez, T. R., & Smith, C. M. (2015). Building and strengthening collaborative community partnerships. In V. C. Scott & S. M. Wolfe (Eds.), Community psychology: Foundations for practice (pp. 237–261). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Vogeltanz, N. D., & Plaud, J. J. (1992). On the goodness of Skinner’s system of naturalistic ethics in solving basic value conflicts. The Psychological Record, 42, 457–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03399615
Watson-Thompson, J., Collie-Akers, V., Woods, N. K., Anderson-Carpenter, K. D., Jones, M. D., & Taylor, E. L. (2015). Participatory approaches for conducting community needs and resources assessments. In V. C. Scott & S. M. Wolfe (Eds.), Community psychology: Foundations for practice (pp. 157–188). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Weinstein, J. (2000). Creative altruism: Restoring Sorokin’s applied sociology. Journal of Applied Sociology, 17, 86–117.
Weinstein, J. (2004). Creative altruism: The prospects for a common humanity in the age of globalization. Journal of Futures Studies, 9, 45–58.
Wilhite, C. (2016, August 10). Behavior analysis and social justice: Aligning codes of ethics? [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://bsci21.org/behavior-analysis-and-social-justice-aligning-codes-of-ethics/
Wolf, M. M. (1978). Social validity: The case for subjective measurement or how applied behavior analysis is finding its heart. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11(2), 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1978.11-203
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Association for Behavior Analysis International
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cihon, T.M., Walker, D., Kazaoka, K., Pritchett, M. (2020). Ethics for Cultural and Community Applications of Behavioral Science. In: Cihon, T.M., Mattaini, M.A. (eds) Behavior Science Perspectives on Culture and Community. Behavior Analysis: Theory, Research, and Practice. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45421-0_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45421-0_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-45420-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-45421-0
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)