Abstract
Digital activism is often considered an instrument that allows subaltern groups, without access to traditional media systems to assert their points of view. However, within social movements, Indigenous peoples face the challenges of using technology strategically, when presenting demands within the digital environment. The case of the Mapuche nation, in the south of Chile and Argentina, is an interesting example of how diverse activists managed to a rapid presence on the Web 1.0, but they are less successful in occupying social networks and new forms of digital activism 2.0. This chapter argues that these limitations, in the case of Chile, are related to the hostile environment produced by traditional media, including print media and television, whose dominant interpretative frameworks associate Mapuche protests with violence and even terrorism, uncritically aligning the visions of the State with large corporate interests in Indigenous territories. Secondly, the chapter examines how the strategic use of digital activism is also limited by the lack of confluence between human rights movements and digital activist groups, essentialist tendencies, and other issues within the Mapuche movement. Finally, this chapter argues that as the most socially vulnerable group in Chile, the Mapuche lack adequate access to the Internet and training, limiting a massive uptake of the tools of digital media and discusses how some Mapuche groups are addressing this.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
For more information visit the Mapuexpress organization website: www.Mapuexpress.org
- 2.
For more information visit the Colectivo Konapewman website: www.galeon.com/pewman
- 3.
It used to be available at www.galeón.com/Mapuexpress. Now, all content can be found at www.Mapuexpress.org.
- 4.
In Mapuche language and culture it means ‘to communicate like a Werken.’
- 5.
The werken is a traditional figure of authority in Mapuche culture who acts as an adviser to the lonko, or head of the community. The werken is usually the spokesperson for their community, responsible for communicating messages orally to other communities or to non-Mapuche groups. In the past, werkenes were required to memorize long messages.
- 6.
Tz’ikin: Realizadores Independientes de Guatemala. For more information please visit the website: www.realizadorestzikin.org/noticias/abya-yala/167-la-clave-es-werkenizar-las-comunicaciones-susurros-de-la-lucha-del-wallmapu
- 7.
For more information see Enlace Indígena: www.movimientos.org/es/content/catorce-años-de-Mapuexpress-con-nueva-plataforma-informativa
- 8.
For more information visit the Red Defensa de Territorios website: www.facebook.com/pages/category/Community/Red-Defensa-Territorios-676030592501025/
- 9.
For more information visit the Diario La Opiñón website: www.laopinon.cl/noticia/sociedad/red-por-la-defensa-de-los-territorios-anuncia-movilizaciones-por-proyectos-energeti
- 10.
For more information see Mapuexpress, “Comunicado Público Red de Medios de los Pueblos: Defensa a Mapuexpress por querella criminal.” Available at: www.Mapuexpress.org/?p=19358
- 11.
All past editions of Azkintuwe until 2012 are still available at Periódico Azkintuwe. The last issues were not uploaded until 2018. Available at www.issuu.com/azkintuwe
- 12.
For more information visit the Mapuche Times website: www.issuu.com/mapuchetimes
- 13.
For more information visit the Werken Noticias website: www.werken.cl/contacto/
- 14.
For more information visit the Elvis Quilapi blog: www.wallmapu.blogspot.com
- 15.
For more information visit the Natividad Llanquileo blog: www.natividadllanquileo.blogspot.com
- 16.
For more information visit the Müpülem Mañke blog: www.mvpvlen-manke.blogspot.com
- 17.
In 2017, active Twitter user Richard Curinao, @RichardCurinao, was one of the communicators whose postings were intervened and who was under illegal surveillance under “Operation Hurricane,” where intelligence officers of the Carabineros police conducted illegal follow-up work and forged evidence to accuse Mapuche leaders of terrorism. Previously, in 2016 the journalist had been pressured by the Police of Investigations (PDI) to reveal his information sources.
- 18.
It used to be available at www.werkenkurruf.cl (now offline). Now, all content can be located at www.radiokurruf.org
- 19.
At present, only the following remain active: Mapuche International Link https://www.mapuche-nation.org; El Centro de Documentación Mapuche, Ñuke Mapu www.mapuche.info
- 20.
For more information, visit the Movimiento por la Defensa del Mar website: www.movimientoporladefensadelmar.wordpress.com/
- 21.
For more information visit the Mehuin Sin Ducto website: www.facebook.com/groups/25603876116/
- 22.
For more information see: “P.N.U.– Mehuín Sin Ducto,” YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDoUkwqHINg&NR=1; See: “#MehinSinDucto,” www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzqfJ8z889Y; “Mehuín sin ducto,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMavf6Lenmo; “Mehuin sin ducto (15 years),” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwp-Dnji39E; “Videos of Mehuín Sin Ducto LA VOZ DE LOS NIÑOS,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yh8a3o9mNUo
- 23.
For more information visit the website: www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2017/10/25/880703/Cronologia-del-Caso-LuchsingerMackay-desde-el-ataque-a-la-absolucion.html
- 24.
A Machi is a traditional spiritual, medical, and religious authority in Mapuche culture, whose primary functions are to heal the sick and provide spiritual guidance to the community.
- 25.
Coordinadora Latinoamericana de Cine y Comunicación de los Pueblos Indígenas, http://www.clacpi.org
- 26.
For more information, visit the Comunicarte: Asociación Guatemalteca para la Comunicación el Arte y la Cultura website: www.noticiascomunicarte.blogspot.com/2013/01/clacpi-lanza-campana-pueblo-mapuche.html
- 27.
The Menokos are wetlands inhabited, according to the Mapuche worldview, by sacred forces that provide healing powers to the medicinal plants (lawen) that grow there.
- 28.
For more information visit the “Informes médicos dan cuenta de critíca situación de la Machi Francisca Linconao,” www.Mapuexpress.org/?p=14776
- 29.
For more information see “Spiritual Mapuche Leader, Machi Francisca Linconao,” www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJlv0BbhXR8, “Free Machi Francisca Linconao,” www.youtube.com/watch?v=FycRe7wZQ0g; “Mapuche: Apoyo Internacional a la Machi Francisca Linconao en Chile,” www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4d49sdgsgM; “La Machi/Ber Stinco,” www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5s68QC2PIs
- 30.
For more information see “Campaña invita a rayar monedas de $100 en apoyo a los presos Mapuche,” website: www.soychile.cl/Temuco/Sociedad/2018/10/18/561986/Campana-invita-a-rayar-monedas-de-100-en-apoyo-a-los-presos-mapuche.aspx
- 31.
For more information, see: “Artistas incentivan inédita campaña ‘Monedas de la Libertad’ para protestar por los procesos judiciales que enfrentan los mapuches,” www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2018/10/13/923907/Artistas-incentivan-inedita-campana-Monedas-de-Libertad-para-protestar-por-los-procesos-judiciales-que-enfrenta-el-pueblo-mapuche.html
- 32.
Patagonia Chilena sin Represas! www.patagoniasinrepresas.cl/final/contenido.php?seccion=nuestracausa
References
Alliende, María de los Ángeles. 2011. Mehuín y Mississippi: Territorio en Conflicto. Tesis para Optar al Grado de Licenciada en Antropología. Tesis para Optar al Título de Antropóloga Social, Escuela de Antropología, Universidad Academia del Humanismo Cristiano. www.bibliotecadigital.academia.cl/bitstream/handle/123456789/842/TANT%20116.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Amolef, Fresia. 2004. La alteridad en el discurso mediático: Los mapuches y la prensa chilena. Ponencia presentada el Forum de las Culturas, Diálogos “Comunicación y Diversidad Cultural”, Barcelona. www.portalcomunicacion.com/dialeg/paper/pdf/202_amolef.pdf
Boccara, Guillaume. 2006. The Brighter Side of the Indigenous Renaissance, Mapuche Symbolic Politics and Self-representation in Today’s Wallmapu. Revista Nuevo Mundo, Nuevos Mundos (3). www.journals.openedition.org/nuevomundo/2484
Bresciani, Carlos, Juan Fuenzalida, Nicolás Rojas, and David Soto. 2018. Mitos Chilenos sobre el Pueblo Mapuche. Santiago: Centro de Ética y Reflexión Social, Universidad Alberto Hurtado.
Castells, Manuel. 2012. Networks of Outrage and Hope, Social Movements in the Internet Age. Cambridge: Polity.
Chadwick, Andrew. 2013. The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power. New York: Oxford University Press.
Del Valle, Juan, and Carlos Maldonado. 2016. El discurso del periódico digital mapuche Werken.cl en torno al territorio: una aproximación semiótico-decolonial. Chasqui, Revista Latinoamericana de Comunicación no. 132: 329–350.
Doyle, María. 2015. Debates y demandas indígenas sobre derechos a la comunicación en América Latina. Temas Antropológicos, Revista Científica de Investigaciones Regionales 37 (2): 89–118.
Dyson, Laurel Evelyn, and Jim Underwood. 2006. Indigenous People on the Web. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 1 (1): 65–76.
Foerster, Rolf, and Jorge Vergara. 2001. Algunas transformaciones de la política mapuche en la década de los noventa. Anales de la Universidad de Chile Sexta Serie (13). www.revistas.uchile.cl/index.php/ANUC/article/view/2528
García Mingo, Elisa. 2014. Persiguiendo la utopía. Medios de comunicación Mapuche y la construcción de la utopía del Wallmapu. Anuario de Acción Humanitaria y Derechos Humanos 12: 161–184.
Godoy, Carmen. 2003. Sitios Mapuche en Internet: Reimaginando la Identidad. Revista Chilena de Antropología Visual 3: 59–83.
González, Daniel, and Leandro Norambuena. 2016. Estado, Nación Mapuche y Prensa Hegemónica (2008, 2010–2011, 2013): Un AnÁlisis Crítico del Discurso. Memoria para Optar al Título de Profesor de Educación Media en Castellano Y Comunicación, Universidad Del Bío-Bío, Facultad De Educación y Humanidades, Departamento de Artes y Letras Pedagogía en Castellano y Comunicación. Chillán: Universidad del Bío-Bío. www.repobib.ubiobio.cl/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1789/1/Gonzalez_Baeza_Daniel.pdf
Gutierrez, Felipe. 2014. We Aukiñ Zugu, Historia de los Medios de Comunicación Mapuche. Santiago: Quimantú.
Huenchumil, Paula. 2018. Ecos de un cultrún: El caso de la machi Francisca Linconao en la prensa chilena. Working Paper Series 44. www.mapuche.info/wps_pdf/wps44_huenchumil.pdf
Maldonado, Claudio. 2012. Narrativa audiovisual mapuche en Youtube. Subalternidad en la red global. Revista Comunicación 1 (10): 547–557.
———. 2014. Decolonialidad en las redes virtuales: el caso de Azkintuwe. Tesis doctoral, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. www.tesisenred.net/bitstream/handle/10803/134681/camr1de1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Mapuexpress 2017. Comunicado Público Red de Medios de los Pueblos: Defensa a Mapuexpress por querella criminal. July 14. Available at: https://www.mapuexpress.org/2017/07/19/comunicado-publico-red-de-medios-de-los-pueblos-defensa-a-mapuexpress-por-querella-criminal/.
Millaleo, Salvador, and Pablo Cárcamo. 2014. Mediaciones del Sistema Político frente al Activismo Digital. Santiago: Fundación Democracia y Desarrollo.
Nathan, David. 2000. Plugging in Indigenous Knowledge: Connections and Innovations. Australian Aboriginal Studies 1 and 2: 39–47.
Pineda, César Enrique. 2012. La dimensión socioambiental del movimiento mapuche en Chile. Revista del Observatorio Social de América Latina 8 (32): 135–148.
Saéz, Julio. 2014. Racismo en la Prensa Chilena: Deconstrucción de la Frontera Simbólica en la Representación Social del Mapuche como el Otro. Context 32: 121–134.
VV.AA. 2014. El libro de Mapuexpress, Desde Wallmapu, por la libre determinación de los Pueblos. Santiago: Quimantú.
Yoly, Eduardo. 2018. Resiste Machi Francisca Linconao. Compartido en Mediafire, www.mediafire.com/file/s0e9y267pk5x05u/Resiste+Francisca.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Millaleo Hernández, S.A. (2020). Digital Activism and the Mapuche Nation in Chile. In: Martens, C., Venegas, C., Sharupi Tapuy, E.F.S. (eds) Digital Activism, Community Media, and Sustainable Communication in Latin America. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45394-7_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45394-7_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-45393-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-45394-7
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)