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Amino Acid Metabolism in the Kidneys: Nutritional and Physiological Significance

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Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1265))

Abstract

The kidneys are developed from the intermediate mesoderm of the embryo. They are important for osmoregulation, regulation of acid-base balance, reabsorption of nutrients, and excretion of metabolites. In fish, the kidneys also serve as a hematopoietic, lymphoid and endocrine organ for the generation of red blood cells, the development of lymphocytes, and the production of hormones (e.g., glucocorticoids, catecholamines, and thyroid hormones). In humans and all animals, kidneys play a vital role in the metabolism and reabsorption of amino acids (AAs) and glucose. Specifically, this organ contributes to glucose synthesis from AAs, lactate and pyruvate via the gluconeogenesis pathway; regulates acid-base balance via inter-organ metabolism of glutamine; and synthesizes arginine, tyrosine, and glycine, respectively, from citrulline, phenylalanine, and 4-hydroxyproline. In mammals and birds, kidneys participate in creatine synthesis. Renal dysfunction adversely alters the concentrations of AAs in blood, while promoting muscle protein breakdown, inflammation, mitochondrial abnormalities, defects in the immune response, and cardiovascular diseases. Moderation of dietary AA intake has a protective and therapeutic effect on chronic kidney disease. Understanding the functions and metabolism of AAs in kidneys is essential for maintaining whole-body homeostasis, improving health and well-being, and preventing or treating renal metabolic diseases in humans and farm animals (including swine, poultry, ruminants, fish and shrimp).

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Acknowledgments

We thank students and research assistants in our laboratory for helpful discussions. Financial support by Guangdong Yeuhai Feeds Group Co., Ltd. is gratefully appreciated.

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  1. Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

    Xinyu Li & Guoyao Wu

  2. Guangdong Yuehai Feeds Group Co., Ltd, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China

    Shixuan Zheng

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    Guoyao Wu

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Li, X., Zheng, S., Wu, G. (2020). Amino Acid Metabolism in the Kidneys: Nutritional and Physiological Significance. In: Wu, G. (eds) Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1265. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45328-2_5

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