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Amino Acid Metabolism in the Liver: Nutritional and Physiological Significance

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Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1265))

Abstract

The liver plays a central role in amino acid (AA) metabolism in humans and other animals. In all mammals, this organ synthesizes many AAs (including glutamate, glutamine, alanine, aspartate, asparagine, glycine, serine, and homoarginine), glucose, and glutathione (a major antioxidant). Similar biochemical reactions occur in the liver of birds except for those for arginine and glutamine hydrolysis, proline oxidation, and gluconeogenesis from AAs. In contrast to mammals and birds, the liver of fish has high rates of glutamate and glutamine oxidation for ATP production. In most animals (except for cats and possibly some of the other carnivores), the liver produces taurine from methionine or cysteine. However, the activity of this pathway is limited in human infants (particularly preterm infants) and is also low in adult humans as compared with rats, birds and livestock species (e.g., pigs, cattle and sheep). The liver exhibits metabolic zonation and intracellular compartmentation for ureagenesis, uric acid synthesis, and gluconeogenesis, as well as AA degradation and syntheses. Capitalizing on these extensive bases of knowledge, dietary supplementation with functional AAs (e.g., methionine, N-acetylcysteine, and glycine) to humans and other animals can alleviate or prevent oxidative stress and damage in the liver. Because liver diseases are common problems in humans and farm animals (including fish), much research is warranted to further both basic and applied research on hepatic AA metabolism and functions.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported, in part, by Hubei Provincial Foundation of Natural Science (2016CFA070; Y. Hou), the Program of National Agricultural Research Outstanding Talents of China (2015; Y. Hou), and Texas A&M AgriLife Research (H-8200; G. Wu). We thank students and research assistants in our laboratories for helpful discussions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China

    Yongqing Hou

  2. Feed Research Institute, Newhope Liuhe Feeds Inc., Chengdu, Sichuan, China

    Shengdi Hu

  3. Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality & Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

    Shengdi Hu

  4. Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

    Xinyu Li, Wenliang He & Guoyao Wu

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    Guoyao Wu

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Hou, Y., Hu, S., Li, X., He, W., Wu, G. (2020). Amino Acid Metabolism in the Liver: Nutritional and Physiological Significance. In: Wu, G. (eds) Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1265. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45328-2_2

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